Applied Physics
Nabaa H. Allawi; Selma M. H. Al-Jawad
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for use in solar cells. The special properties of this substance include its occurrence on earth, its low cost, its non-toxicity, its high absorption coefficient, its p-type conductivity and its ideal band gap. CZTS has a stannite (ST) and kesterite (KS) crystal ...
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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for use in solar cells. The special properties of this substance include its occurrence on earth, its low cost, its non-toxicity, its high absorption coefficient, its p-type conductivity and its ideal band gap. CZTS has a stannite (ST) and kesterite (KS) crystal structure. Kesterite has excellent thermodynamic stability compared to stannite. Therefore, CZTS is most common in this era. Sputtering, thermal evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, spin coating, electrodeposition, SILAR, sol-gel, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes are among the various processes used to produce CZTS thin films. The solvothermal and hydrothermal processes are widely used to produce high quality nanocrystals with unique morphology and crystallographic structure and to produce them at low cost. In addition, the solvothermal and hydrothermal processes have been used to fabricate various categories of photovoltaic devices with CZTS, including photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. In addition, the solvothermal and hydrothermal methods have been used to fabricate other types of photovoltaic devices with CZTS, such as photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. In addition, it provides an overview of the use of CZTS in photovoltaic applications produced by hydrothermal and solvothermal techniques. The article also addresses the obstacles encountered in the implementation of these applications. Finally, it offers the possibility of finding solutions to these difficulties.
Applied Physics
Nwar A. Yousif; Selma M. Al-Jawad; Ali A. Taha; Haralambos Stamatis
Abstract
In recent years, extensive studies have been devoted to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Iron oxides are chemical compounds that have various polymorphic forms, including maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and Hematite (α-Fe2O3). Among them, the most important studied is magnetite (Fe3O4) ...
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In recent years, extensive studies have been devoted to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Iron oxides are chemical compounds that have various polymorphic forms, including maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and Hematite (α-Fe2O3). Among them, the most important studied is magnetite (Fe3O4) due to its low cost and low toxicity and its unique magnetic and physicochemical characteristics, which qualify it for use in various biomedical and technological applications. Magnetic particles should be small and have a narrow size distribution for these applications. The smaller the size of the iron oxide particles, the greater their reactivity and biodegradability. In this review, we display summary information on magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in terms of structure, characteristics, and preparation methods. Because the prepared strategy has been proven to be critical for preferable control of the particle size and shape, in addition to producing monodispersed magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a direct effect on their characteristics and applications, special attention will be placed on chemical preparation techniques including Hydrothermal synthesis, Coprecipitation technique, Sol-Gel process, and thermal decomposition method. This review offers specific information for selecting appropriate synthetic methods for obtaining appropriate sizes, shapes, and magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for target applications.
