Applied Physics
Nabaa H. Allawi; Selma M. H. Al-Jawad
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for use in solar cells. The special properties of this substance include its occurrence on earth, its low cost, its non-toxicity, its high absorption coefficient, its p-type conductivity and its ideal band gap. CZTS has a stannite (ST) and kesterite (KS) crystal ...
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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for use in solar cells. The special properties of this substance include its occurrence on earth, its low cost, its non-toxicity, its high absorption coefficient, its p-type conductivity and its ideal band gap. CZTS has a stannite (ST) and kesterite (KS) crystal structure. Kesterite has excellent thermodynamic stability compared to stannite. Therefore, CZTS is most common in this era. Sputtering, thermal evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, spin coating, electrodeposition, SILAR, sol-gel, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes are among the various processes used to produce CZTS thin films. The solvothermal and hydrothermal processes are widely used to produce high quality nanocrystals with unique morphology and crystallographic structure and to produce them at low cost. In addition, the solvothermal and hydrothermal processes have been used to fabricate various categories of photovoltaic devices with CZTS, including photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. In addition, the solvothermal and hydrothermal methods have been used to fabricate other types of photovoltaic devices with CZTS, such as photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. In addition, it provides an overview of the use of CZTS in photovoltaic applications produced by hydrothermal and solvothermal techniques. The article also addresses the obstacles encountered in the implementation of these applications. Finally, it offers the possibility of finding solutions to these difficulties.
