Laser Science and Technology
Ruqaya Abdulkareem Shlaga; Alwan M. Alwan; Mohammed S. Mohammed
Abstract
In this work, several types of plasmonic sensors were prepared by different methods (ion reduction method and wet-chemical KOH route) to detect the ultralow anti-CIPRO concentration using AgNPs/PSi SERS-active substrate with AgNPs concentration. The process was optimized to be very effective in detecting ...
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In this work, several types of plasmonic sensors were prepared by different methods (ion reduction method and wet-chemical KOH route) to detect the ultralow anti-CIPRO concentration using AgNPs/PSi SERS-active substrate with AgNPs concentration. The process was optimized to be very effective in detecting CIPRO and to have a high amplification factor (EF). For the deposition of AgNPs with a concentration of 5×10-3 M and the maximum density of hotspot areas, a nanocrystalline silicon sample prepared by the KOH method and an ion reduction technique before etching was used. We tested an AgNPs/PSi SERS substrate, which showed better performance in detecting the CIPRO antibiotic over a range of doses (10-7-10-13 M). XRD, EDX, FESEM and SERS were used to analyze the PSi samples and the AgNP/PSi chemical sensors. The results of the AgNPs/PSi SERS substrates from both methods showed that the ion reduction process was more effective in detecting the CIPRO antibiotics at their lowest concentrations. It was found that the highest EF at salt concentrations of 5×10-3M was 6.3×1012 for the pre-etching method, compared with 7.78×1010 for the KOH method under the same conditions. The results showed that the proposed AgNPs/PSi SERS substrate is an effective method to find CIPRO even at low concentrations, and that CIPRO was localized approximately near the surface. This approach is considered a revolutionary work that has the potential to modify the plasmonic properties of metallic NPs for SERS applications.
Laser Science and Technology
Rajaa N. Ketan; Muayyed J. Zoory; Haidar J. Mohamad
Abstract
A spectroscopic technique such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to analyze various materials, including solids, liquids and gases. The advantages of this technique include rapid analysis, no prior sample preparation, low cost and the ability to generate qualitative and quantitative ...
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A spectroscopic technique such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is used to analyze various materials, including solids, liquids and gases. The advantages of this technique include rapid analysis, no prior sample preparation, low cost and the ability to generate qualitative and quantitative analytical data for any sample. There are numerous applications for LIBS in various fields, including environmental monitoring, quality in industry, the food sector and archeology, medicine (pharmaceuticals), biology (bones, nails, hair, blood and skin) and cosmetics, which is one of the main concerns of the World Health Organization due to its significant impact on health. In this review, the LIBS technique is explained in terms of the experimental setup (laser, detector, spectrometer, optical fibers and lenses), using single and double beams to measure sample elements with high accuracy. It was shown that the sensitivity of LIBS depends on calibration-free analysis and pulse-coupled analysis. The data show that the double laser beams provide high accuracy when analyzing complex data.
Laser Science and Technology
Intisar A. Naseef; Alwan M. Alwan; Mehdi Q. Zayer; Layla A. Wali
Abstract
In scientific research, the search for cost-efficient and scalable functional materials for substantial and practical applications is necessary. Therefore, metallic materials at the nanoscale represent a rapidly growing area of research, especially as plasmonic materials in the field of surface-enhanced ...
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In scientific research, the search for cost-efficient and scalable functional materials for substantial and practical applications is necessary. Therefore, metallic materials at the nanoscale represent a rapidly growing area of research, especially as plasmonic materials in the field of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this study, the potential of copper nanowires (CuNWs) and palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) as thin films on the porous silicon (PS) surface was investigated and compared. Their parameters as plasmonic SERS sensing materials were investigated by detecting sodium nitrite (NaNO2) molecules as the analyzing material. CuNWs and PdNPs were locally deposited on the PS substrate by the immersion method to synthesize Cu/PS and Pd/PS SERS sensors. The successful fabrication of these sensors was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Raman measurements. The results show that the nanostructures of the metallic thin films are evenly distributed on the PS surface and that hot spot areas have formed in between. The Raman peaks of NaNO2 were effectively detected even at extremely low concentration values. Therefore, CuNWs and PdNPs were integrated with PS in the SERS to improve the detection process. Excellent detection of (5×10-6) M NaNO2 concentration was achieved with the Cu/PS and Pd/PS SERS sensors with high amplification factors of (0.43×108) and (0.11×108), respectively.
Laser Science and Technology
Asraa B. Radhi; Khawla S. Khashan; Ghassan M. Sulaiman; Hamdoon A. Mohammed
Abstract
In this work, room temperature laser ablation with an iron target in water was used to create iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with a different number of pulses (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500) at a constant energy of 200 mJ. The colloidal solutions of the IONPs were studied and the effects of the number ...
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In this work, room temperature laser ablation with an iron target in water was used to create iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with a different number of pulses (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500) at a constant energy of 200 mJ. The colloidal solutions of the IONPs were studied and the effects of the number of pulses on the properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and photoluminescence (PL). The FTIR spectra showed that the synthesised IONPs were formed, and the peaks appeared between (500-600) cm-1. FESEM images showed that the IONPs have hemispherical structures and become spherical with increasing laser pulses. They also exhibited a small aggregation due to electrostatic forces. The UV-VIS results showed that the IONPs had an absorption shoulder at 300-400 nm, which increased with the laser pulses. The PL spectra of the IONPs showed strong, sharp peaks in the UV region at 370 nm, the intensity of which increased with increasing pulse duration, while the density of the nanoparticles in the solution increased. In addition, the antibacterial activities were evaluated using an agar well diffusion assay against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). The result showed that the IONPs have good antibacterial activity, which increased with the laser pulses due to the increased concentration of IONPs. A hemolysis and in vitro toxicity test also evaluated the compatibility with human blood on red blood cells.
Laser Science and Technology
Raghad R. Mahdi; Marwa Kasim Abood
Abstract
In this study, cadmium oxide (CdO) was prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL). The morphological structure and optical properties of the prepared CdO were determined by various analytical techniques, including SEM, AFM and XRD. The SEM images obtained showed that the prepared film exhibited ...
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In this study, cadmium oxide (CdO) was prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL). The morphological structure and optical properties of the prepared CdO were determined by various analytical techniques, including SEM, AFM and XRD. The SEM images obtained showed that the prepared film exhibited cluster-like cubic structures. The AFM images showed a homogeneous and very uniform surface. In addition, XRD analysis revealed that the prepared film had a grain size of about 20 nm. The optical properties of the fabricated film showed an increase in absorbance values with a simultaneous increase in wavelength. The maximum value was measured at 340 nm, and the measured optical energy gap was about 2.55 electron volts (eV). The solar cell was produced by depositing a CdO film on the porous silicon. The fabricated solar cell achieved an efficiency of 0.16%. Therefore, the CdO film from this work could be an important factor for the development of gas sensors and solar cells. In addition, other powerful analytical techniques were performed in this study, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) observations.
Laser Science and Technology
Sara Fadhil Abbas; Adawiya J. Haider; Sharafaldin Al-Musawi; Bakr Ahmed Taha
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nano flakes (NFs) through pulsed laser ablation of magnesium ribbons, investigating their potent antibacterial properties for potential biomedical applications. Thorough characterization utilizing advanced analytical techniques verified the phase purity ...
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In this study, we synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nano flakes (NFs) through pulsed laser ablation of magnesium ribbons, investigating their potent antibacterial properties for potential biomedical applications. Thorough characterization utilizing advanced analytical techniques verified the phase purity and functionality of the fabricated MgO NFs. Results revealed a distinctive flake-like structure with an average diameter of 100-400 nm and a slender wall thickness of 24 nm. The efficiency of the laser ablation method was validated by EDX imaging, showing high purity in the MgO sample. XRD analysis further confirmed the polycrystalline nature of MgO NFs, with dominant peaks at 2θ values of 38.86°, 59.46°, 62.83°, and 73.87° corresponding to (111), (110), (220), and (311) diffractions, respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy exhibited a broad absorption peak, and Tauc's formula yielded an energy band gap of 5.8 eV. FTIR spectroscopy detected Mg–O–Mg bending vibration, O−H stretching vibration, O=C=O stretching, and O−H bending vibration. Optimized MgO-NFs demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy against both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. Maximum antibacterial activity was observed at a high MgO NFs concentration (200 µg/mL), resulting in 15 mm ±0.5 mm and 16 mm ±0.5 mm inhibition zones for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for both pathogens was determined to be 25 µg/mL, emphasizing the promising antimicrobial potential of the MgO NFs.
Laser Science and Technology
Ahmed S. Ahmed; Hyder A. Salih; Khaleel I. Hassoon; Sukhdeep Kaur
Abstract
This study describes the relativistic q-Gaussian laser beam's stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in an unmagnetized plasma. Moreover, the influence of the pump laser's relativistic self-focusing on the SRS process has been investigated. Using variational theory, we derived analytical solutions to the ...
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This study describes the relativistic q-Gaussian laser beam's stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in an unmagnetized plasma. Moreover, the influence of the pump laser's relativistic self-focusing on the SRS process has been investigated. Using variational theory, we derived analytical solutions to the coupled nonlinear wave equations describing the pump, EPW, and scattered waves. The resulting equations were numerically solved to see the impacts of laser and plasma characteristics on the dynamics of the pump beam and its influence on the power of scattered waves. The power of the scattered wave was observed to be significantly altered via the self-focusing action of the pump beam, where when the effect of self-focus increases, it leads to an increase in the effect of stimulated Raman scattering. The stimulated Raman scattering yield is investigated based on the intensity of the laser beam and plasma. The main finding is that as q increases, the SRS yield rises, and as the intensity of the laser beam and plasma density increase, the SRS yield also increases. The scattering of the self-focused beam occurs at a greater distance than the beam of the pump due to the relatively diminished level of scattered power. The value of the integrated reflection increases with the increase of q and the growth rate.
Laser Science and Technology
Mayyadah H. Mohsin; Khawla S. Khashan; Ghassan M. Sulaiman; Khalil A. A. Khalil
Abstract
A technique for exfoliating Boron nitride (BN) nanosheets was devised, which was then followed by a laser ablation-fragmentation process to produce lamellar hexagonal Boron nitride nanostructures (h-BNNs). The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were analysed to investigate the effect of ...
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A technique for exfoliating Boron nitride (BN) nanosheets was devised, which was then followed by a laser ablation-fragmentation process to produce lamellar hexagonal Boron nitride nanostructures (h-BNNs). The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were analysed to investigate the effect of laser energy and wavelength in the two-step pre-treatment procedure during BN synthesis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed no impurity phase structures, and only primary h-BN reflections were visible. It was discovered that the crystallite h-BNNs size ranged from 11 to 18 nm, and nanosecond laser energy was sufficient to transform BN into h-BNNs and a few nanotubes. Combining laser intensity and wavelength transformed the BN nanoparticle shape from haphazardly arranged platelets to melting-like formations. Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed distinct observed changes in the size and melting behaviour in the h-BNNs and the sharp absorption peaks, which could indicate changes in their optical properties. Morphological characteristics and formation of the hexagonal phase of BN caused variations in optical properties and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results. Photoluminescence of h-BNNs was observed in the 250–600 nm range with peak emission at 485 nm. Due to its significant structural disorder, the h-BNNs exhibited a wide emission with a strong luminescence that remained largely continuous after 48 hours, resulting in a distinctive blue hue (470 and 485nm).
Laser Science and Technology
Tuqa Sabah; kareem H. Jawad; Nebras Essam
Abstract
Along with its uses in a wide range of sectors, NP toxicity research was one of the fastest-growing areas of research, so the growing commercial applications brought aluminum oxide nanoparticles under the purview of toxicologists. This study shows the toxicity of Aluminum oxide Nanoparticles on blood ...
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Along with its uses in a wide range of sectors, NP toxicity research was one of the fastest-growing areas of research, so the growing commercial applications brought aluminum oxide nanoparticles under the purview of toxicologists. This study shows the toxicity of Aluminum oxide Nanoparticles on blood components prepared using the pulsed laser ablation (PLA) Nd: YAG laser method. We confirmed the synthesis of aluminum Oxide nanoparticles by measuring color absorbance, UV-vis, scanning electron microscope techniques (SEM), and FTIR as characterization of Aluminum oxide Nanoparticles. The complete blood count (CBC) was used in the study of the toxicity effect of these nanoparticles on human blood parameters (in vitro). The results of hematology parameter platelet (PLT); hemoglobin (HGB–Hb); red blood cell (RBCs); white blood cell (WBCs); Count type white blood cells) are compared with the control groups, our results show no significant differences in levels of platelet (PLT); hemoglobin (HGB –Hb); red blood cell (RBCs); white blood cell (WBCs); Count type white blood cells) between the test groups when compared with control groups. This result that there indicates no toxic effect of Aluminum oxide nanoparticles in the hematology parameter (in vitro). This work is done for the first time to investigate the non-toxicity effect of these Al2O3 NPs on human blood parameters.
Laser Science and Technology
Rasha B. Rashid; Alwan M. Alwan; Mohammed S. Mohammed
Abstract
In this work, an investigation was conducted to study the effect of electrodes’ configuration of the double morphology macPSi on the performance of electrically matched impedance pesticides sensors. The purpose was to develop an efficient electrical sensor for the quantitative detection process ...
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In this work, an investigation was conducted to study the effect of electrodes’ configuration of the double morphology macPSi on the performance of electrically matched impedance pesticides sensors. The purpose was to develop an efficient electrical sensor for the quantitative detection process of (Chlorpyrifos) pesticide in organic solvents. The effect of electrodes configuration of the front, front-back, and back coplanar electrodes on macPSi as based substrate was tested to select an optimum sensor metallization pathway. The based efficient macPSi layer was fabricated using elevated laser irradiation power density at different periods. Morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the sensors were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and R-L-C measurement. The sensing method depended on measuring the resonance frequency shift as the organic solvent was exposed to the sensor’s surface. The sensor’s performance at various configurations and concentrations ppm was inspected at room temperature. The current findings revealed extremely low instabilities (less than 0.017 %), higher sensitivity, and a detection limit of 0.004ppm for top coplanar electrode configuration. The fabricated sensor is simple and low-cost for excellent quantitative pesticide detection.
Laser Science and Technology
Ahmed Z. Abdullah; Adawiya J. Haider; Allaa A. Jabbaar
Abstract
Manufacture of an environmental polluting gas sensor with improved properties by controlling the preparation conditions of the photo-electrochemical etching technique (PECE). The amount of porosity, the diameter of the pores, and the thickness of the prepared layer of porous silicon (Psi) can be controlled ...
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Manufacture of an environmental polluting gas sensor with improved properties by controlling the preparation conditions of the photo-electrochemical etching technique (PECE). The amount of porosity, the diameter of the pores, and the thickness of the prepared layer of porous silicon (Psi) can be controlled by changing one or all of these conditions. In this paper, n-type Si with a crystalline orientation (100) was used, whereby PSi was prepared with the use of a red diode laser with a wavelength of 650 nm, using different radiation intensity, and with the constancy of etching time and current density. Through the results obtained, it was noted that: the porosity increases significantly up to 75% as well as the thickness of the PSi layer up to 1.45 µm with the increase in the intensity of the laser beam. Also, examining the morphology of the surface samples by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) besides, the average pore diameters of the prepared samples were calculated. It is clear that the intensity of the laser beam used in the irradiation process is one of the important factors in determining the properties of the prepared PSi. PSi samples have been tested by FTIR to investigate chemical bonds on surfaces such as, (Si-Si, Si-H, Si-H2, Si-O-Si, Si-O-Si, Si-H, Si-O-Si). Samples tested as gas sensors and noticed that an increase in the sensing current to 5.3 µA has appeared with the increase of porosity value where methanol gas is used as background.
Laser Science and Technology
Aseel A. Shakaty; Jassim K. Hmood; Bushra R. Mahdi
Laser Science and Technology
Hajir M. Fadhil; Hyder A. Salih; Khaleel I. Hassoon
Abstract
In the present work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been utilized to investigate two forms of aluminum samples, namely Al in the form of the nanoparticles (NPs) and a bulk (pellet). The Al target was irradiated by pulsed Nd-YAG laser with wavelength 1064 nm to produce plasma. The plasm ...
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In the present work, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been utilized to investigate two forms of aluminum samples, namely Al in the form of the nanoparticles (NPs) and a bulk (pellet). The Al target was irradiated by pulsed Nd-YAG laser with wavelength 1064 nm to produce plasma. The plasm spectrum is analyzed in the wavelength range between 250 nm and 700 nm. Some plasma parameters were calculated, including electron temperature (𝑇𝑒), plasma density (ne) and Debye length (𝜆𝐷) for different laser energies. The temperature of electrons was computed employing the Boltzmann plot technique, and the electrons density was computed utilizing the Stark broadening technique. This work aims to investigate the effect of laser energy on the plasma parameters and the influence of using two different forms of targets on these parameters. It was noted that increasing the laser energy from (400 mJ) to (700 mJ) resulted in an increase in electrons temperaturefrom (0.52 eV) to (0.65 eV) and an increase in electron density from (57.38×1016 cm-3) to (67×1016 cm-3) for the nano aluminum plasma, whereas the electrons temperature increased from (0.52 eV) to (0.59 eV) and the electron density increased from (43.88×1016 cm-3) to (55.05×1016 cm-3) for the bulk aluminum plasma.From the obtained results, it's concluded that using identical laser energies, the electron temperature and electron density of the plasma generated from aluminum in the form of nanoparticles are greater than that generated from aluminum in the bulk form. The differences in the calculated parameters for Al NPs and Al bulk belong to their different structures and morphologies as presented via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods.
Laser Science and Technology
Suha G. Ali; Mohammed S. Mohammed; Fatima I. Sultan
Abstract
The present work is a study of some properties of PbI2 deposited on porous silicon (n-PSi) by using the thermal evaporation technique. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and FTIR analysis were used to characterize the structural, optical, and morphological ...
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The present work is a study of some properties of PbI2 deposited on porous silicon (n-PSi) by using the thermal evaporation technique. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and FTIR analysis were used to characterize the structural, optical, and morphological properties of n-Psi. X-ray diffraction showed that the PbI2 film has a hexagonal polycrystalline structure, while FE-SEM images showed porous silicone in Photoelectrochemical etching, the pore distribution is irregular and the pore refers to the increased surface area of the silicon. SEM images of pbI2 film showed that particles were scattered and resembled gravel in size. The estimated optical energy value of thin films of PbI2 was 2.6 eV. PbI2 film has lower transmittance values at short wavelengths, but as the wavelength increases, the transmittance values gradually increased. The greatest transmittance value was 0.88. From FTIR analysis, chemical bonds were determined between porous silicon and PbI2.
Laser Science and Technology
Noor S. Dawood; Mehdi Q. Zayer; Muslim F. Jawad
Abstract
The manufacturing of vacuum sensors is critical to several vacuum-based applications. Porous silicon (PSi) was chosen as the vacuum sensor due to the possibility of moving air particles settled inside the pores while being put in the vacuum. The characteristics of porous silicon sensing to the evacuation ...
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The manufacturing of vacuum sensors is critical to several vacuum-based applications. Porous silicon (PSi) was chosen as the vacuum sensor due to the possibility of moving air particles settled inside the pores while being put in the vacuum. The characteristics of porous silicon sensing to the evacuation of gases during vacuum was inferred by changing in the electrical resistivity. This work depends on the change in the electrical resistance of the PSi layers that was prepared via photo-electrochemical technique on the n-type (100) oriented silicon wafer. The surface topography of porous silicon is necessary to understand the morphological properties. Therefore, structural and morphological characterization of PSi samples were studied and analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern. The etching process was carried out with various etching times, hydrofluoric acid (HF) concentration, and constant current density. The results showed that the pore size is increased as the etching time increased. The etching time produced pores of different sizes. The electrical resistance values were calculated after placing the sample in the vacuum system, starting from atmospheric pressure down to torr. The electrical properties of PSi indicate that electrical resistance gradually decreases with increasing vacuum pressure.
Laser Science and Technology
Kareem H. Jawad; Butheina Hasson
Abstract
Porous silicon nanoparticles, or PSNPs, are one of the most common NPS with distinct characteristics. PSNPs were created using an enhanced approach known as the electrochemical etching process. The nanoparticles were treated with a post-laser to obtain the nanoparticles, which were subsequently analyzed ...
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Porous silicon nanoparticles, or PSNPs, are one of the most common NPS with distinct characteristics. PSNPs were created using an enhanced approach known as the electrochemical etching process. The nanoparticles were treated with a post-laser to obtain the nanoparticles, which were subsequently analyzed using (SEM), (UV-Vis), and (XRD). The size refers to porous silicon with a nanostructure. Because of the differences in interaction between the HF electrolyzed and silicon and crystal structure, PS (100) offers better NP properties than directional silicon (111). PSNPs' antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH test, while cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay on Hella cells. PSNPs have an inhibitory impact on cancer cell growth and antioxidants, according to the findings. PSNPs did not have any toxicological effects on the skin, lungs, or spleen after injection.
Laser Science and Technology
Bakr A. Taha
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease outbreak has emphasized the critical need for more sensitive analytical technology. Photonic technology focuses on studying light interaction analysis with the molecules to enhance diagnostic tools' accuracy. Due to the distinct spectral signatures, lasers have shown effectiveness ...
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The COVID-19 disease outbreak has emphasized the critical need for more sensitive analytical technology. Photonic technology focuses on studying light interaction analysis with the molecules to enhance diagnostic tools' accuracy. Due to the distinct spectral signatures, lasers have shown effectiveness in the classification and monitoring of viruses. This work aims to improve healthcare delivery in public areas, markets, hospitals, and airports. However, providing insights into the technical aspect also helping researchers identify the possibilities and difficulties in this field. This short review has been collect from four authoritative databases: Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar. This paper discusses emerging developments in photonic sensor applications such as telehealth, point care, and telescreens in environmental surveillance. It also includes modern studies to identify and diagnose viruses by using photonic techniques. Finally, it was found that the most effective approaches for reducing the spread of the COVID-19 virus pandemic in the environment, besides collecting the big data via an intelligent optical fibre network between the hospitals and other public places.
