Laser Science and Technology
Bakr A. Taha
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease outbreak has emphasized the critical need for more sensitive analytical technology. Photonic technology focuses on studying light interaction analysis with the molecules to enhance diagnostic tools' accuracy. Due to the distinct spectral signatures, lasers have shown effectiveness ...
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The COVID-19 disease outbreak has emphasized the critical need for more sensitive analytical technology. Photonic technology focuses on studying light interaction analysis with the molecules to enhance diagnostic tools' accuracy. Due to the distinct spectral signatures, lasers have shown effectiveness in the classification and monitoring of viruses. This work aims to improve healthcare delivery in public areas, markets, hospitals, and airports. However, providing insights into the technical aspect also helping researchers identify the possibilities and difficulties in this field. This short review has been collect from four authoritative databases: Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar. This paper discusses emerging developments in photonic sensor applications such as telehealth, point care, and telescreens in environmental surveillance. It also includes modern studies to identify and diagnose viruses by using photonic techniques. Finally, it was found that the most effective approaches for reducing the spread of the COVID-19 virus pandemic in the environment, besides collecting the big data via an intelligent optical fibre network between the hospitals and other public places.
Biotechnology
Noor Ali; Ali Taha; Duha S. Ahmed
Abstract
In the present study, the synthesized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) were chemically treated with a mixture of acids to produce functionalized MWNTs. The functionalized MWCNTs were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Zeta potential and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy ...
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In the present study, the synthesized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) were chemically treated with a mixture of acids to produce functionalized MWNTs. The functionalized MWCNTs were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Zeta potential and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The X-ray diffraction reveals the MWCNTs average crystal size of the R-MWCNTs and F-MWCNTs were about (3.27 and 3.19) nm, respectively. FESEM images show the formation of R-MWCNTs that appears as cylindrical tubes and aggregated tubes with each other, while the F-MWCNTs appear as less aggregated and tangled clusters than R-MWCNTs. Zeta potential measurements showed that the measurement of the R-MWCNT shows a low negative value -9 mV and F-MWCNT, it was found that the zeta potential value is up to -29 mV. The antibacterial activity was studied against E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria, and indicated the highest growth inhibition zones (IZ) of F-MWCNTs as compared with R- MWCNTs against E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.
Biotechnology
Ali A. Al-Jubori; Ghassan M. Sulaiman; Amer T. Tawfeeq
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a bioactive molecule with potent antioxidant properties, and it constitutes an essential component of herbal medicine. This study was designed to use a nano-syntheses approach to encapsulate RES in Poloxamer 407 nanoparticles. This type of nano-construction has been employed in a ...
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Resveratrol (RES) is a bioactive molecule with potent antioxidant properties, and it constitutes an essential component of herbal medicine. This study was designed to use a nano-syntheses approach to encapsulate RES in Poloxamer 407 nanoparticles. This type of nano-construction has been employed in a variety of biological applications, both in vitro and in vivo. The contribution of this nano-construct is to increase antioxidant activity over the pure RES was investigate. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays were utilized in vitro. RES-loaded poloxamer 407 showed concentration-dependent scavenging action in the range of 20-80 µg.ml-1, with a maximum activity of 80.1% at 80 µg.ml-1. Whereas pure RES had a decrement of 61.7%. While the activity of positive control (Vit. C) was 93.2%. The magnitude of blood hemolysis examination was 3.9% at 80 µg.ml-1. That may indicate RES-loaded poloxamer 407 provide significant red blood cell protection. The pure RES did not prevent the appearance of abnormal cells (echinocytes), and that was cured by RES-loaded poloxamer 407. Finally, the safety of RES-loaded poloxamer 407 was assessed in vivo. Male mice were invested to detect the functions of their liver and kidney. A histopathological study was included as well. The findings showed that RES-loaded poloxamer 407 might have superior characters as a drug delivery system, nutritional supplements, and may be used in pharmaceutical products.
Laser Science and Technology
Kareem H. Jawad; Butheina Hasson
Abstract
Porous silicon nanoparticles, or PSNPs, are one of the most common NPS with distinct characteristics. PSNPs were created using an enhanced approach known as the electrochemical etching process. The nanoparticles were treated with a post-laser to obtain the nanoparticles, which were subsequently analyzed ...
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Porous silicon nanoparticles, or PSNPs, are one of the most common NPS with distinct characteristics. PSNPs were created using an enhanced approach known as the electrochemical etching process. The nanoparticles were treated with a post-laser to obtain the nanoparticles, which were subsequently analyzed using (SEM), (UV-Vis), and (XRD). The size refers to porous silicon with a nanostructure. Because of the differences in interaction between the HF electrolyzed and silicon and crystal structure, PS (100) offers better NP properties than directional silicon (111). PSNPs' antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH test, while cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay on Hella cells. PSNPs have an inhibitory impact on cancer cell growth and antioxidants, according to the findings. PSNPs did not have any toxicological effects on the skin, lungs, or spleen after injection.
Biotechnology
Batool K. Queen; Abbas A. Mohammed
Abstract
In this paper, the study aimed to analyze the sequence and structure of Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 gene (TCF7L2) in Iraqi Diabetic Mellitus Type II (T2DM) Patients and was compared with standard sequence form National Center of Bioinformatics Tools (NCBI) using BLAST. Ten blood samples of (T2DM) Iraqi ...
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In this paper, the study aimed to analyze the sequence and structure of Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 gene (TCF7L2) in Iraqi Diabetic Mellitus Type II (T2DM) Patients and was compared with standard sequence form National Center of Bioinformatics Tools (NCBI) using BLAST. Ten blood samples of (T2DM) Iraqi patients, was collected from Al-Mustansiriya University National Diabetes Centre in Baghdad Province/Iraq (17-65 year). DNA was extracted from whole blood of patients’ samples using the Quick-DNA™ Blood MiniPrep kit, then it was sent to Korea at Macrogen Corporartion Company, where they used automated DNA sequencing for sequence analysis. The results of the sequence analysis of (T2DM) patients’ samples, we found: six missense mutations, one deletion mutation, and three silent mutations detected using BLAST in (NCBI). All mutations appeared at the same sites of the gene which controls the rate of genetic information transcription that indicates to have a relationship with (T2DM). These mutations were recorded on the (NCBI). The physicochemical properties of (TCF7L2) determined in the present study included; alpha-helical structure and 3-Dimension structure appeared contrast when compared with the gene template. Briefly, mutations effected (TCF7L2) which influences the structure, physicochemical properties of the protein, and the secretion of insulin hormone which maintains glucose level in blood.
Nanotechnology
Sanaz Khademolqorani; Seyedeh Nooshin Banitaba
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are referred to as tiny materials in size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Unique characteristics of the NPs, including small sizes and high surface area, appropriate reactivity, proper stability, great strength, and many more, have resulted in their wide use in numerous fields. Among different ...
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Nanoparticles (NPs) are referred to as tiny materials in size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Unique characteristics of the NPs, including small sizes and high surface area, appropriate reactivity, proper stability, great strength, and many more, have resulted in their wide use in numerous fields. Among different techniques reported for synthesizing the nanoparticles, electro-hydrodynamic atomization or electrospray has been identified as a well-practiced and high efficient technique for the formation of fine and homogenous NPs from a liquid under the influence of electrical forces. This process allows feasible encapsulation of different drugs, vitamins, and proteins applicable in the targeted drug delivery systems. Since the release rate of the loaded pharmaceutical materials could be easily tuned via varying the properties of core and shell components. Herein, we summarized the importance of the electrospray technique for the production of drug-loaded nanoparticles applicable in controlled drug delivery systems.
Zahraa M. Talib; Azhar I. Hassan; Jehan A. Saimon
Abstract
Graphene-ZnO nanohybrid thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique at 350 °C. Different graphene nanoplate concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt.% were used to deposit films on quartz substrates. The Structural and optical properties of the nanohybrid films have been investigated. ...
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Graphene-ZnO nanohybrid thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique at 350 °C. Different graphene nanoplate concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 wt.% were used to deposit films on quartz substrates. The Structural and optical properties of the nanohybrid films have been investigated. X-ray diffraction XRD results show that the films have a hexagonal wurtzite polycrystalline structure and no secondary phases were observed. The structural parameters of crystallite size, dislocation density, and microstrain have indicated that the addition of graphene has a strong effect on the microstructure of zinc oxide films. Surface morphological analysis of the ZnO-graphene films reveals that the graphene content effectively modifies the morphologies and grain growth of the ZnO microstructure. It was also found from the optical properties that the maximum energy gap for pure ZnO films was 3.4 eV which decreases to 2.7 eV as the concentration of graphene increases to 0.5 wt.%. Results confirmed that graphene can be used as an efficient modifier for band gap engineering and the microstructure of ZnO thin films for enhanced photovoltaic applications.
Chemistry
Aliru Olajide Mustapha; Ahmed Dare Sarumi; Sheriphdeen Abiodun Adewuyi; Emmanuel Oluwatobi Ayantoyinbo; Blessing Ruth Adebayo; Rhoda Opeyemi Adams; Zainab Jasmie Abdulsalam; Samson Oladapo Bello
Abstract
The depletion of natural resources and the negative impact of oil on the environment have sparked interest in biodiesel as an alternative source of energy. Indigenous vegetable oils have the potential to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Transesterification of vegetable oils produces biodiesel, which ...
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The depletion of natural resources and the negative impact of oil on the environment have sparked interest in biodiesel as an alternative source of energy. Indigenous vegetable oils have the potential to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Transesterification of vegetable oils produces biodiesel, which is regulated by numerous inputs factors, such as catalyst dosage, temperature, speed, and time while the density and specific gravity are outputs. Sweet almond (prunusamygdalus dulcis) and jatropha (jatropha curcas) seed oils were used to optimize conditions for the transesterification processes using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental matrix at different sodium hydroxide doses (0.3 – 1.5 wt %), intensity (500 – 1000 rpm), and time (20 – 60 min) in the presence of fixed molar ratio, and temperature were designed to optimize the biodiesel output variables (yield, specific gravity, and density).The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed results for refined sweet almond biodiesel (RSAB) at catalyst (0.554 wt %), speed (750 rpm), time (40 min), giving the optimization solution with the specific gravity (0.995 g/cm3), density (1.230 g/cm3) with the yield of 83.304% for RSAB. Whereas the RJB had the optimum catalyst of (0.3 wt %,), speed (500 rpm), time (44.1 min), with the specific gravity (0.964 g/cm3), density (0.884 g/cm3), and the biodiesel yield of 96.4%. The estimated biodiesel yields vary by 13.096% under these reaction conditions. According to ANOVA statistics, the catalyst dose has a substantial effect on biodiesel yields, and these biodiesels could be employed as an environmentally friendly alternative to diesel.
Materials Science
Ghaith Y. Dakhil; Rana M. Salih; Awham M. Hameed
Abstract
In this article, the influence of infill ratio and infill pattern on the compressive strength and hardness of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) based polymer are studied. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was used to produce the 3D-printed samples. In the current work, three specimens of ...
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In this article, the influence of infill ratio and infill pattern on the compressive strength and hardness of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) based polymer are studied. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was used to produce the 3D-printed samples. In the current work, three specimens of each type have been tested with selected infill ratios (30, 50, and 70%) and infill patterns (line, gyroid, and trihexagon). A compression test was done using the general-purpose (EN772-1) manual compression testing machine for blocks, cubes, and cylinders by the standard specification (ASTM D695), and hardness shore-D was tested by using a hand-held durometer (Shore Instruments, Type D), by ASTM D2240-05 (2010) type D. The data were collected and processed. The results showed that the 70 percent infill ratio with a linear pattern had the highest compressive strength. On the other hand, the hardness test shows that the maximum hardness value was found at the base side of the specimens.
Nanotechnology
I. Benammar; R. Salhi; J. -L. Deschanvres; R. Maalej
Abstract
This work describes the systematic preparation of doped and undoped TiO2 with Er and/or Yb nanoparticles by hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method with supercritical drying of ethanol, followed by systematic calcination steps at 500°C, 800°C and 1000°C for 2 h. Structural investigation of these ...
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This work describes the systematic preparation of doped and undoped TiO2 with Er and/or Yb nanoparticles by hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method with supercritical drying of ethanol, followed by systematic calcination steps at 500°C, 800°C and 1000°C for 2 h. Structural investigation of these powders by XRD shows that our samples are crystalline with a tetragonal structure and an anatase phase well crystallized at 500°C. Annealing at 800°C shows a transformation of the anatase phase into the rutile phase, which is well crystallized at 1000°C. XRD analysis shows that the dopants are incorporated into the TiO2 network without phase separation in these nanoparticles. The study of the grain sizes has shown that they have a nanometric size of about 8-12 nm and that their size decreases with Er and/or Yb doping. The elemental analyzes with micro-EDX using SEM confirmed the presence of chemical elements in the TiO2 nanoparticles with the expected atomic ratios. Examination of the SEM images confirmed the XRD observations. They also prove that the nanoparticles are spherical. Optical analysis with excitation at 488 nm shows the presence of three emission bands in the green and red regions. The heat treatment improves the optical, structural and spectroscopic properties and removes impurities due to the preparation conditions.
Materials Science
Peverga Rex Jubu; Khaled M. Chahrour; Yushamdan Yusof; A. Nathan-Abutu; V. M. Igba; E. Danladi; O. S. Obaseki; M. B. Ochang; W. V. Zhiya; F. K. Yam
Abstract
The presence of multiple phases/ components within a nanocomposite material impacts its properties. Therefore, there is a need to estimate the phase fraction of each element present in a sample. Spurr-Myers proposed a valuable formula for calculating the rutile and anatase phase fraction of a TiO2 sample ...
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The presence of multiple phases/ components within a nanocomposite material impacts its properties. Therefore, there is a need to estimate the phase fraction of each element present in a sample. Spurr-Myers proposed a valuable formula for calculating the rutile and anatase phase fraction of a TiO2 sample from X-ray diffraction. However, this formula is dedicated to TiO2 and is inapplicable to samples that contain more than two phases. The present research proposed a simple method for quantifying the phase fraction of all types of nanomaterials consisting of two or more phases. The precision/ accuracy test, conducted by multiplying the total intensity of all the diffraction peaks present in a sample with the value of the phase fraction of individual components, showed that the proposed method gave precision values equivalent to the sum of the intensity of the peaks for each element. Meanwhile, the S-M gave precision values that were significantly inconsistent with the sum of the intensity of the peaks of each component. The study showed that the proposed method was valid for a wide range of 2θ values and can be deployed to obtain reasonable and reliable values of phase fraction that could assist in understanding the material phase fraction-properties relationship.
Nanotechnology
Hiba Kh. Ismaeel; Talib M. Albayati; Hayder A. Dhahad; Farah T. Al-Sudani; Issam K. Salih; Sohrab M. Zendehboudi
Abstract
In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with a hexagonal structure and large surface area were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The properties of the synthesized MCM-41 catalyst were characterized using BET, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The results showed that the MCM-41 had a high surface ...
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In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with a hexagonal structure and large surface area were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The properties of the synthesized MCM-41 catalyst were characterized using BET, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The results showed that the MCM-41 had a high surface area of 966 m2/g and large pore volume of about 0.91 cm3/g. Sunflower oil was converted to biodiesel in a batch reactor at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 °C), methanol-to-oil molar ratios (6:1, 9:1, 12:1), catalyst loadings (0.7, 0.9, 1.25 wt%), and reaction times (up to 80 min) using the prepared catalyst under atmospheric pressure. The biodiesel yield was found to reduce when the reaction time exceeded 1 hour despite maintaining the catalyst. The maximum biodiesel yield of 45% was obtained under optimal conditions of a 9:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 1.25 wt% catalyst loading, 60 °C temperature, and 60 min reaction time. GC-MS analysis characterized the biodiesel composition and properties. The synthesized biodiesel showed improved properties compared to conventional fuels, with linoleic acid methyl ester (C17H34O2, 25.93%) as the main component. The MCM-41 catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic activity and could be recovered, regenerated, and reused, reducing reaction costs. This makes it a potential alternative to homogeneous catalysts that complicate product separation.
Materials Science
abbas khammas; Thear Tarish; Abdul Raidha; Ali Khudair
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to optimize the hot corroded pack coated Ni-based super alloy K417G using composite desirability. Pack cementation parameters optimization was performed using quality characteristics of diffusion coatings for pack cementation process, i.e. salt activator, Nano-powders master ...
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The purpose of this study is to optimize the hot corroded pack coated Ni-based super alloy K417G using composite desirability. Pack cementation parameters optimization was performed using quality characteristics of diffusion coatings for pack cementation process, i.e. salt activator, Nano-powders master alloy powder and wt.% Ge. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for observing the most influencing pack cementation parameters on the quality characteristics, i.e. Na2So4-6% wt. V2O5 (kp1), 100 wt% NaSO4 (kp2), and 75 wt. % NaSO4-25 wt % NaCl (kp3). A confirmation test was performed after the optimal process parameters were determined using composite desirability analysis. Based on analysis of variance results, the wt.% of Geis the most significant controllable diffusion coating factor for the hot corroded pack coated K417G at optimum setting conditions (A2, B1, C3) i.e. activator (NaCl), master alloy (90Cr-10Al) and wt.% of Ge (2%) according to the quality characteristics. Composite desirability was successfully applied on optimization of hot corroded pack coated K417G using multi-performance characteristics.
Nanotechnology
Abbas A. Thajeel; Mohammed A. Ibrahem; Duha S. Ahmed
Abstract
Nanoplasmonic sensing, based on the plasmonic resonance absorption of thin, irregularly-shaped Au nanostructures film, with a starting thickness of about 15 nm (±3 nm) sputtered on a quartz substrate, is used to monitor the CeO2 NPs (with an average diameter of 50 nm) film refractive index variations ...
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Nanoplasmonic sensing, based on the plasmonic resonance absorption of thin, irregularly-shaped Au nanostructures film, with a starting thickness of about 15 nm (±3 nm) sputtered on a quartz substrate, is used to monitor the CeO2 NPs (with an average diameter of 50 nm) film refractive index variations using different film thicknesses (90 nm, 146 nm, 172 nm, and 196 nm). Increasing the film thickness of solution-processed CeO2 NPs film, with layer-by-layer deposition on top of Au nanostructures, shows a significant redshift in the plasmonic resonance absorption of the plasmonic metal, from 580 nm to 611 nm. Such an increase is related to the change in the building microstructure of the semiconductor’s film which is reflected in changing its refractive index. Plasmonic surface refractive index sensitivity of 437.5 nm/RIU with FOM of 4.2 has been recorded. Such a sensing technique offers a large potential for developing cost-effective plasmonic nanosensing devices for clinical applications. This sensor structure is versatile and can be utilized to sense and monitor a large variety of materials and chemicals.
Laser Science and Technology
Tuqa Sabah; kareem H. Jawad; Nebras Essam
Abstract
Along with its uses in a wide range of sectors, NP toxicity research was one of the fastest-growing areas of research, so the growing commercial applications brought aluminum oxide nanoparticles under the purview of toxicologists. This study shows the toxicity of Aluminum oxide Nanoparticles on blood ...
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Along with its uses in a wide range of sectors, NP toxicity research was one of the fastest-growing areas of research, so the growing commercial applications brought aluminum oxide nanoparticles under the purview of toxicologists. This study shows the toxicity of Aluminum oxide Nanoparticles on blood components prepared using the pulsed laser ablation (PLA) Nd: YAG laser method. We confirmed the synthesis of aluminum Oxide nanoparticles by measuring color absorbance, UV-vis, scanning electron microscope techniques (SEM), and FTIR as characterization of Aluminum oxide Nanoparticles. The complete blood count (CBC) was used in the study of the toxicity effect of these nanoparticles on human blood parameters (in vitro). The results of hematology parameter platelet (PLT); hemoglobin (HGB–Hb); red blood cell (RBCs); white blood cell (WBCs); Count type white blood cells) are compared with the control groups, our results show no significant differences in levels of platelet (PLT); hemoglobin (HGB –Hb); red blood cell (RBCs); white blood cell (WBCs); Count type white blood cells) between the test groups when compared with control groups. This result that there indicates no toxic effect of Aluminum oxide nanoparticles in the hematology parameter (in vitro). This work is done for the first time to investigate the non-toxicity effect of these Al2O3 NPs on human blood parameters.
Nanotechnology
Khaled Chahrour; Poh Choon Ooi; April Azlan Hamzah
Abstract
By applying dual anodization procedures of aluminum (Al) thin film over silicon substrate under controlled anodizing process conditions, a thin anodic alumina (AAO) pattern with hexagonal honeycomb-like arrangement nano-pores and highly-regular aligned arrays was created. Anodizing DC voltage was thought ...
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By applying dual anodization procedures of aluminum (Al) thin film over silicon substrate under controlled anodizing process conditions, a thin anodic alumina (AAO) pattern with hexagonal honeycomb-like arrangement nano-pores and highly-regular aligned arrays was created. Anodizing DC voltage was thought to have an effect on pore size dimensions. With anodizing DC voltage, the pore diameter (30 - 110nm) showed a linear change. The rate of vertical growth of the nanopores was found to be proportional to the anodizing voltage. To achieve open-through pore nanostructure and ensure homogeneous electrochemical deposition of various nanostructures onto AAO pattern, a bottommost barrier layer of the AAO pattern was detached during dropping the DC voltage in the final period of the anodization process, followed by a pore widening wet treatment for numerous minutes at ambient temperature atmosphere. The features of the AAO pattern were inspected by using the field emission scanning microscope (FESEM) linked with an electron dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDX) for chemical elements investigation.
Applied Physics
Yadgar Hussein Shwan
Abstract
One of the recommended platforms for waveguide generation in the infrared region is silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). This paper proposes a modal of the optical waveguide of silicon on a sapphire from ), using FEM (finite-element method) solver simulation performed by FDTD [finite-different-time-domain]. ...
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One of the recommended platforms for waveguide generation in the infrared region is silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). This paper proposes a modal of the optical waveguide of silicon on a sapphire from ), using FEM (finite-element method) solver simulation performed by FDTD [finite-different-time-domain]. The waveguide is directly based on the refractive index difference between the wave's guideline regions and surrounding media (cladding). The use of FEM to analyze a single waveguide mode of SOS at a certain size within multiple wavelengths is a unique aspect of this research. In addition, this project's objective is to discov how the waveguide size (dimension) impacts single-mode waveguides in the infrared region. The investigation includes single-mode polarization with both transverse-magnetic TM0 and transverse-electric TE0 polarization. The waveguide is reliant on the effective index of different mediums, and sizes of substances, they have a significant role in generating waveguide with minimum loss (minimum dispersion). The study's most crucial finding is that single-mode can be achieved in silicon with widths ranging from ( ) and height ranging from as well as analysis the characteristics of mode polarization and explain those parameters have a massive role in the waveguide like effective index, sizes of structure and wavelength. In keeping with our modal analysis, we also state the mode's characterization and direct some factors' influence on the waveguide.
Nanotechnology
Rusul Mohammed Alsaffar; Balqees M. Al-Dabbagh; Hanaa K. Jawad
Abstract
This work compares two methods of producing carbon nanoparticles from oil waste or by-products that accumulate on the walls of pipes and furnaces and reduce the efficiency and life of the equipment (which can hinder the production process; therefore, it is removed weekly). These wastes or by-products ...
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This work compares two methods of producing carbon nanoparticles from oil waste or by-products that accumulate on the walls of pipes and furnaces and reduce the efficiency and life of the equipment (which can hinder the production process; therefore, it is removed weekly). These wastes or by-products are generated from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon compounds during the crude oil refining process to produce petroleum products. The raw materials were collected from two Al-Dura refinery sites, sieved, burned in a furnace under vacuum and inert atmosphere, crushed with a mortar and washed with solvent, washed with distilled water, dried, and then reduced to nanoparticle size by direct crushing (sonication with a probe) and indirect ultrasonic methods (bath sonication). The samples were analyzed after crushing and firing using the appropriate methods such as EDX and SEM as well as tests. Zeta potential and particle size analysis were two other tests performed on the final products. The results showed that the carbon content increased consecutively from 28.49, 36.30 to 91.59 and 94.47% after firing. In addition, the direct ultrasonic method is superior to the indirect method for producing carbon nanoparticles because it requires less time and can produce nanoparticles with an average grain size of about 37 nm and 86.6 nm for the first and second samples, respectively. The zeta potential data show that the resulting nanocarbon particles are relatively stable.
Nanotechnology
Israa F. Hasan; Khawla S. Khashan; Aseel A. Hadi
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were produced in this work by laser ablation of a high purity titanium objective immersed in distilled water. Optical and structural properties of the obtained TiO2 NPs using a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser of 1064nm wavelength with different laser energy (80, 100, 120, 140, ...
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were produced in this work by laser ablation of a high purity titanium objective immersed in distilled water. Optical and structural properties of the obtained TiO2 NPs using a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser of 1064nm wavelength with different laser energy (80, 100, 120, 140, and 160) mJ at 100 pulses was studied. The produced TiO2 NPs were characterized employing UV-VIS Spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained TiO2NPs showed a decrease in transmittance in the region of the UV spectrum and an increase in the visible spectrum region. The estimated optical band gap of the TiO2NPs was 3.89eV, 3.8eV, and 3.70eV at 80, 120 and 160mJ laser energy, respectively. The as-produced TiO2NPs appear to be a Brookite crystalline phase with the preferential orientation along (200) direction. The scanning electron microscopy assays showed that the TiO2 NPs have a cauliflower shape. Results show that with increasing the energy of laser pulse, the size of nanoparticles was increased noticeably. Where the particle size and its morphology are affected by laser energy.
Materials Science
Ghadeer Sadiq Jassim; Mojahid Najim; Wafaa Salih
Abstract
In this paper, a homogenous pure Barium Titanate with formula (BaTiO3) was prepared from pure Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) using the solid-state reaction technique, were used as raw materials having micro size by mixing of molar ratio [1:1], the powder was calcined at temperatures ...
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In this paper, a homogenous pure Barium Titanate with formula (BaTiO3) was prepared from pure Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) using the solid-state reaction technique, were used as raw materials having micro size by mixing of molar ratio [1:1], the powder was calcined at temperatures (900-1350) °C. The solid-State reaction can consider as an attractive process realistic alternative to the expensive wet-chemical route, according to X-ray diffraction, all of the peaks of Barium Titanate powder were perfectly suited to the positions of the peaks of the standard tetragonal phase in the pattern for this process. And with preferred crystalline size for the powder calcined at 1350 °C manifested the best results, where all the peaks indicate the formation of Barium Titanate completely. In addition, each BaTiO3 Nanopowder was compared to a micro powder that had been manufactured, by conducting x-ray diffraction, diffraction peaks undergo shifting toward higher angle to the high value of 2Ө, and Nano powder particles are smaller than micro powder particles. And this refers to a decrease in lattice parameters, in terms of the peaks of the Nano powder preceding the peaks of the micro powder of BaTiO3 and that match the result that is obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Materials Science
Hassan Adnan Sharhan; Zaynab Naif Rasheed; Jawad Kadhim Oleiwi
Abstract
This study involves on manufacture of denture base resin with advanced physical properties through the addition of two type of synthetic fibers used as reinforcing materials polypropylene (PP) and Poly acrylonitrile (PAN). In this research, groups of three samples of both PMMA/PP and PMMA/PAN composites ...
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This study involves on manufacture of denture base resin with advanced physical properties through the addition of two type of synthetic fibers used as reinforcing materials polypropylene (PP) and Poly acrylonitrile (PAN). In this research, groups of three samples of both PMMA/PP and PMMA/PAN composites were prepared with the selected fiber weight ratios of 1.5, 3.5, 5.5 and 7.5 %Wt. Physical properties such as water absorption, thermal conductivity and density were evaluated under normal conditions. The chemical bond structure was also investigated for all samples using FTIR test. The results showed that when fibers ratio increased until 7.5 %Wt., the water absorption increases, as well for each fiber which was over 0.6% compared to the 0.3% of the neat sample. A noticeable decrease in the thermal conductivity property from 0.33 W/m.K for PMMA/PP and 0.24 W/m.K for PMMA/PAN comparing to 0.46 W/m. K of the neat polymer was revealed. As for the density results, it was found that when the fibers ratios were increased, the sample density slightly decreased and reached 1.09 g/cm3 for PMMA/PP and 1.1 g/cm3 for PMMA/PAN at the maximum fibers rate. FTIR results indicated there was no new peaks appeared after reinforcement with both fibers. This could refer to the good physical bond between the mixtures, no new material formed.
Materials Science
Israa F. Ghazi; Jawad K. Oleiwi; Sihama I. Salih; Mohammed A. Mutar
Abstract
In this work, it was evaluated the wear resistance, hardness, and surface roughness values of resin-based composites that applied in dentistry as restorative materials. The resin composites were made from six types of resin matrixes (A, B, C, D, E, and F) and each one of them has contained different ...
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In this work, it was evaluated the wear resistance, hardness, and surface roughness values of resin-based composites that applied in dentistry as restorative materials. The resin composites were made from six types of resin matrixes (A, B, C, D, E, and F) and each one of them has contained different types and ratios of monomers as well as the inorganic nano-fillers (SiO2, ZrO2, HA, and Al2O3). For each test, thirty specimens were prepared, which were classified into six groups depending on the types of the resin matrix and fillers used in the composites. The results prove that the nanocomposites that have the lowest rate of wear were the group E which was derived from the resin matrix of the group E that has monomers are (BIS-GMA, meth acrylamide, methacrylic acid, and 1-6 hexanediol methacrylate) with values range from 8.11 to 6.11 mm3/mm depending on the filler type material. All prepared composites resin materials (A to F) showed an increase in their hardness values as regards the reference, group D showed the highest hardness value followed by group B while group C was the lowest. The highest mean roughness was shown in groups A and F with 0.82 and 0.79 μm respectively, while the smoother surfaces among all groups were groups B and D which had significantly fewer roughness values of 0.16 and 0.19 μm respectively.
Applied Physics
Nwar A. Yousif; Selma M. Al-Jawad; Ali A. Taha; Haralambos Stamatis
Abstract
In recent years, extensive studies have been devoted to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Iron oxides are chemical compounds that have various polymorphic forms, including maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and Hematite (α-Fe2O3). Among them, the most important studied is magnetite (Fe3O4) ...
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In recent years, extensive studies have been devoted to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Iron oxides are chemical compounds that have various polymorphic forms, including maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and Hematite (α-Fe2O3). Among them, the most important studied is magnetite (Fe3O4) due to its low cost and low toxicity and its unique magnetic and physicochemical characteristics, which qualify it for use in various biomedical and technological applications. Magnetic particles should be small and have a narrow size distribution for these applications. The smaller the size of the iron oxide particles, the greater their reactivity and biodegradability. In this review, we display summary information on magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in terms of structure, characteristics, and preparation methods. Because the prepared strategy has been proven to be critical for preferable control of the particle size and shape, in addition to producing monodispersed magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a direct effect on their characteristics and applications, special attention will be placed on chemical preparation techniques including Hydrothermal synthesis, Coprecipitation technique, Sol-Gel process, and thermal decomposition method. This review offers specific information for selecting appropriate synthetic methods for obtaining appropriate sizes, shapes, and magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for target applications.
Applied Mathematics
Bahaa Kamal; Nadia Al-Saidi
Abstract
Chaos theory has attracted much attention because it fully reflects the complexity of the system, which is an essential property in many applications, especially in the optimization problem. In this paper, the possibility of improving research by means of evolutionary algorithms (genetic algorithms) ...
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Chaos theory has attracted much attention because it fully reflects the complexity of the system, which is an essential property in many applications, especially in the optimization problem. In this paper, the possibility of improving research by means of evolutionary algorithms (genetic algorithms) will be discussed which used to solve non- linear programming problems. This improvement and development are carried out using a highly quality chaotic map, which was proposed to be used for generating real values (keys) that are used as reference values for the genetic algorithm. A comparison between the results without using chaotic systems and the results after generating the keys is performed. It shows that the results after the chaotic local search (CLS) are improved and congregate with the optimum value of the solutions obtained by the projected process before the CLS. Moreover, the differences between the proposed systems for improvement are also compared. The evaluation parameters for the proposed chaotic function are developed using the Mathematica 11.2 program.
Applied Physics
Asef Josheghanian; Ehsan Akbari-hamed; Elham Khanlarzadeh; Mohammad hadi Gholami; Safoora Nikzad
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various factors and treatments protocols' outcomes on the survival of patients with gastric cancer (GC). In a retrospective cohort study Patients with a definite diagnosis of GC who had been hospitalized at the Mahdie Hospital of Hamadan, Iran, from 2005-2017 ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various factors and treatments protocols' outcomes on the survival of patients with gastric cancer (GC). In a retrospective cohort study Patients with a definite diagnosis of GC who had been hospitalized at the Mahdie Hospital of Hamadan, Iran, from 2005-2017 were investigated. GC-related survival for different factors, types, locations of the tumor, sites of metastasis, and used treatment methods investigated. Data analyze performed by SPSS software version 21. 95 patients, including 66 (71%) male, and 27 (29%) female, were identified. The mean age was 63.88±12.41 years. The largest proportion of tumors was located in the cardia (29.7%), body (18.9%), and antrum (18.9%) of the stomach. The most common site of metastasis was the liver (52.6%), and lung (26.3%). The average survival of patients was 40.64±4.58 months, and the one, two, three, four, and five years’ survival of investigated patients were 0.68, 0.49, 0.43, 0.39, and 0.34 years, respectively. The average survival of patients with and without metastasis were 16.35±3.27 and 46.97±5.30 months (P=0.004). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the survival and total dose of RT, total number of CT sessions, and dose of each RT session were -0.003 (P-value=0.98), 0.006 (P-value=0.97), and -0.108 (P-value=0.412), respectively. Results show that there were no statistically significant differences between the average survival of patients and used treatment method, grade, type of cancer, and CT medicine. But survival of patients with metastasis was significantly lower than patients without metastasis (P=0.029).
