Applied Physics
Aya Talal Sami; Selma M. H. Al-Jawad; Natheer Jamal Imran
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has attracted significant interest for water treatment applications due to its non-toxic nature and high photocatalytic activity. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using two different methods to evaluate their photocatalytic performance in degrading organic contaminants ...
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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has attracted significant interest for water treatment applications due to its non-toxic nature and high photocatalytic activity. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using two different methods to evaluate their photocatalytic performance in degrading organic contaminants from wastewater. Sample S1 was prepared via the sol–gel method, while sample S2 was synthesized using a hydrothermal approach. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that both samples crystallized in the tetragonal anatase phase, with average crystallite sizes of 12 nm for S1 and 29 nm for S2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed spherical particles with uniform morphology for both samples. Optical absorbance measurements conducted using UV–vis spectrophotometry yielded estimated band gap energies of 3.2 eV for S1 and 3.0 eV for S2. Both samples demonstrated notable photocatalytic activity; however, S2 exhibited superior degradation efficiency against organic pollutants, indicating that the hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 possesses enhanced photocatalytic properties. These results underscore the potential of TiO2 particularly that synthesized via hydrothermal methods, as an effective photocatalyst for wastewater treatment applications.
Applied Physics
Ausama I. Khudiar
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser annealing at a wavelength of 532 nm on the photoconductivity properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films prepared by thermal evaporation. In addition, measurements at room temperature showed an ohmic behavior in the voltage-current characteristics ...
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This study investigates the effects of pulsed Nd:YAG laser annealing at a wavelength of 532 nm on the photoconductivity properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films prepared by thermal evaporation. In addition, measurements at room temperature showed an ohmic behavior in the voltage-current characteristics of the CdS thin films. It was observed that after laser irradiation, the photosensitivity of the film increased due to the improved crystallinity and decreased defect density of the thin films, as shown by the increase in the ratio of light to dark current (Iph/Id) from 0.35 to 0.42. The photocurrent also follows the relationship (Iph∝FγI), with γ-values of 1.037 and 1.047 after annealing due to monomolecular recombination, reduced grain boundaries and enhanced recrystallization. The spectral response peaked at 585 nm, which corresponds to the optical band gap of the CdS thin film. The transient photoconductivity, which describes the time-dependent change in the electrical conductivity of the material when exposed to light, was measured and showed significantly increased decay rates. The differential lifetime (τd) decreased from (90.8 sec) to (39.2 sec) after Nd:YAG laser annealing, which can be attributed to a lower density of defect states and an improvement in film quality. The results highlight the ability of Nd:YAG laser annealing to maximize the photonic and electronic properties of CdS thin films through structural and carrier recombination dynamics, increasing their use in optoelectronic devices.
Applied Physics
Muna B. Mustafa; Walid K. Hamoudi; Khawla S. Khashan; Qussay K. Alhashimi; Noor R. Abdulhameed
Abstract
The use of the Nd+ and Er+: YAG lasers is still under development for cutaneous resurfacing. Cooling the epidermis induces laser heating under invasive epidermal layer regime. Injuring the dermis can treat skin defects and improve its quality. Various therapeutic options have been utilized to treat aging ...
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The use of the Nd+ and Er+: YAG lasers is still under development for cutaneous resurfacing. Cooling the epidermis induces laser heating under invasive epidermal layer regime. Injuring the dermis can treat skin defects and improve its quality. Various therapeutic options have been utilized to treat aging signs. Laser resurfacing has proven effectiveness and popularity due to its shorter recovery time and high success rate. Non-invasive Nd: YAG laser and 2940nm Er: YAG laser pulses were employed to provide deep dermal laser heating and induce elastin and collagen regeneration. Two subjects of skin-tone 2 were laser treated in the present study. Photographs were taken before the treatment and after the last session. The 1064nm Nd: YAG and 2940nm lasers treatment results were followed up in treating fine and coarse wrinkles. The patients were given four sessions every other week. The laser energy was calculated at all interfaces between the layers of the skin in order to find out the exact laser fluence, and then the temperature rise at the targeted tissue. The 1064nm Nd: YAG laser was benefited more by younger subject while the 2940nm was better for older case.
Applied Physics
Salah M. Abdul Aziz; Uday Muhsin Nayef; Mohammed Soham Rasheed
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and CuO@ZnO NPs as a colloidal core-shell solution were synthesized by laser ablation. A Nd:YAG laser with an energy of 700 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm and 200 pulses was used for the ablation process. The colloidal solution was ...
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and CuO@ZnO NPs as a colloidal core-shell solution were synthesized by laser ablation. A Nd:YAG laser with an energy of 700 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm and 200 pulses was used for the ablation process. The colloidal solution was deposited on porous silicon (PSi) using the drop-casting method. The PSi substrates were prepared by photoelectrochemical etching (PECE) on n-type (111) silicon wafers. The study investigated the influence on the electrical, optical, morphological and structural properties of the CuO NPs and ZnO NPs samples when they were converted into a core-shell, specifically for their use in photodetector applications. XRD analysis revealed the presence of CuO, ZnO and CuO@ZnO by diffraction peaks at different angles. According to the SEM images, the nanoparticles show randomly distributed spherical grains, while PSi exhibits a sponge-like structure. The core-shell shape is confirmed by TEM images, which show a dark inner region consisting of CuO NPs and a much lighter outer region consisting of the ZnO nanoshell. The optical properties of the CuO@ZnO NPs were investigated and a minimum energy gap of 2.8 eV was found. The CuO@ZnO NPs/PSi/n-Si photodetector showed improved current-voltage (J-V) characteristics, rectifying properties and remarkable sensitivity in the visible to near-infrared region compared to other photodetector samples. The fabricated photodetector confirmed improved quantum performance, especially in the visible spectrum. The work aims to synthesize CuO@ZnO core-shell nanoparticles by a laser ablation technique to improve the electrical properties and spectral response of photodetectors.
Applied Physics
Husam Nahedh; Odai N. Salman; Mukhlis M. Ismail
Abstract
In this study, sodium bismuth titanate ferroelectric ceramics with a nanoscale structure and low iron content (NBTF) were prepared, providing an alternative to lead-based materials. Lead poses environmental and health risks due to its toxicity. NBTF aims to develop a more sustainable ferroelectric composition. ...
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In this study, sodium bismuth titanate ferroelectric ceramics with a nanoscale structure and low iron content (NBTF) were prepared, providing an alternative to lead-based materials. Lead poses environmental and health risks due to its toxicity. NBTF aims to develop a more sustainable ferroelectric composition. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of Na0.5Bi0.5Ti1-xFexO3-0.5x (x=0.06) were investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed the material crystallizes in the rhombohedral phase, with crystallite size of approximately 19.1 nm in size. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a perovskite structure containing Fe ions, evidenced by Ti-O stretching and O-Fe-O bending vibrations. Raman spectroscopy also identified a broad peak at high frequencies, suggesting the generation of oxygen vacancies induced by the dopant. Electrical characterization demonstrated semiconductor behavior with a bandgap of 1.84 eV, showing potential for optoelectronic applications. The study focused on the effect of oxygen vacancies on electrical conductivity. Furthermore, a nano-perovskite heterojunction photodiode comprising Al/p-Si/NBTF/Ag was successfully fabricated and evaluated. Under reverse bias, photocurrent increased compared to the dark state with rising illumination intensity. Device parameters including reaction order, ideality factor, and carrier lifetime were calculated. Collectively, these results indicate promise for integrating this heterostructure photodiode into electronic circuitry applications.
Applied Physics
Yasamen H. Khadim; Uday M. Nayef; Falah A-H. Mutlak
Abstract
This study analyzes the effects of laser pulse energy set at 700 millijoules per pulse on silver, gold and silver@gold nanoparticles deposited on porous silicon (PS). Our main goal is to determine the optimal conditions by comprehensively evaluating their influence on structural, electrical, morphological ...
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This study analyzes the effects of laser pulse energy set at 700 millijoules per pulse on silver, gold and silver@gold nanoparticles deposited on porous silicon (PS). Our main goal is to determine the optimal conditions by comprehensively evaluating their influence on structural, electrical, morphological and optical properties. In pulsed laser ablation in liquid, a Nd:YAG laser with a pulse width of 10 nanoseconds and a wavelength of 1064 nm is used to produce the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the crystalline growth of the core-shell nanoparticles with distinct peaks in the data confirming the presence of both Au and Ag nanoparticles. Morphological analysis shows a robust connection between the nanoparticles and the porous silicon layer, indicating structural stability. The UV–vis spectra show a localized surface plasmon resonance band (LSPR) in the range of 412–521 nm. It is noticeable that with increasing gold concentration the two peaks of the LSPR band converge to a single peak. Comparison of the photoluminescence emission spectra of the PS substrate and the NPs/PS shows a clear broadening of the emission band in PS, indicating a high-quality porous silicon structure. The intriguing properties of Ag@Au NPs make them promising for application in gas sensing systems.
Applied Physics
Nabaa H. Allawi; Selma M. H. Al-Jawad
Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for use in solar cells. The special properties of this substance include its occurrence on earth, its low cost, its non-toxicity, its high absorption coefficient, its p-type conductivity and its ideal band gap. CZTS has a stannite (ST) and kesterite (KS) crystal ...
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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising material for use in solar cells. The special properties of this substance include its occurrence on earth, its low cost, its non-toxicity, its high absorption coefficient, its p-type conductivity and its ideal band gap. CZTS has a stannite (ST) and kesterite (KS) crystal structure. Kesterite has excellent thermodynamic stability compared to stannite. Therefore, CZTS is most common in this era. Sputtering, thermal evaporation, pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, chemical vapor deposition, spin coating, electrodeposition, SILAR, sol-gel, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes are among the various processes used to produce CZTS thin films. The solvothermal and hydrothermal processes are widely used to produce high quality nanocrystals with unique morphology and crystallographic structure and to produce them at low cost. In addition, the solvothermal and hydrothermal processes have been used to fabricate various categories of photovoltaic devices with CZTS, including photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. In addition, the solvothermal and hydrothermal methods have been used to fabricate other types of photovoltaic devices with CZTS, such as photoelectrochemical cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and heterojunction solar cells. In addition, it provides an overview of the use of CZTS in photovoltaic applications produced by hydrothermal and solvothermal techniques. The article also addresses the obstacles encountered in the implementation of these applications. Finally, it offers the possibility of finding solutions to these difficulties.
Applied Physics
Sura R. Mohammed; Mukhlis M. Ismail; Isam M. Ibrahim
Abstract
Polyaniline nanofibers (PAni-NFs) have been synthesised under various concentrations (0.12, 0.16, and 0.2 g/L) of aniline and different times (2h and 3 h) by hydrothermal method at 90°C. Was conducted with the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible ...
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Polyaniline nanofibers (PAni-NFs) have been synthesised under various concentrations (0.12, 0.16, and 0.2 g/L) of aniline and different times (2h and 3 h) by hydrothermal method at 90°C. Was conducted with the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectra, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the amorphous nature of all the produced samples. FE-SEM demonstrated that polyaniline has a nanofiber-like structure. The observed typical peaks of PAni were (1580, 1300-1240, and 821 cm-1), analysed by the chemical bonding of the formed PAni through FTIR spectroscopy. Also, tests indicated the promotion of the thermal stability of polyaniline nanocomposite at temperatures above 600°C. Still, the PAni-0.12 g/L sample was better than the other samples, and the optical parameters manifested a decrease in the band gap (Eg) band gap. The observed TGA test findings also promoted polyaniline's thermal stability at temperatures reaching 600°C.
Applied Physics
Nwar A. Yousif; Selma M. Al-Jawad; Ali A. Taha; Haralambos Stamatis
Abstract
In recent years, extensive studies have been devoted to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Iron oxides are chemical compounds that have various polymorphic forms, including maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and Hematite (α-Fe2O3). Among them, the most important studied is magnetite (Fe3O4) ...
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In recent years, extensive studies have been devoted to iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). Iron oxides are chemical compounds that have various polymorphic forms, including maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and Hematite (α-Fe2O3). Among them, the most important studied is magnetite (Fe3O4) due to its low cost and low toxicity and its unique magnetic and physicochemical characteristics, which qualify it for use in various biomedical and technological applications. Magnetic particles should be small and have a narrow size distribution for these applications. The smaller the size of the iron oxide particles, the greater their reactivity and biodegradability. In this review, we display summary information on magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in terms of structure, characteristics, and preparation methods. Because the prepared strategy has been proven to be critical for preferable control of the particle size and shape, in addition to producing monodispersed magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with a direct effect on their characteristics and applications, special attention will be placed on chemical preparation techniques including Hydrothermal synthesis, Coprecipitation technique, Sol-Gel process, and thermal decomposition method. This review offers specific information for selecting appropriate synthetic methods for obtaining appropriate sizes, shapes, and magnetic properties of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) for target applications.
Applied Physics
Sarmad A. Ibrahim; Sadeq H. Lafta; Wafaa A. Hussain
Abstract
A stainless steel 316L (SS316L) wires reinforcing heat cure PMMA matrix samples were prepared for dentures applications. Mechanical scratching and electrochemical anodizing for PMMA denture base supported by wires of SS316L were used as straightforward and low-cost outside layer pretreatments. The two ...
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A stainless steel 316L (SS316L) wires reinforcing heat cure PMMA matrix samples were prepared for dentures applications. Mechanical scratching and electrochemical anodizing for PMMA denture base supported by wires of SS316L were used as straightforward and low-cost outside layer pretreatments. The two pretreatments were used to improve the flexural strength of PMMA denture bases. The mechanical scratching process acts to scratch the surface of stainless-steel wires by mixing the wires with silicon carbide powder inside a rotating Pyrex container. The pretreatment time was varied to be 60, 90, and 120min. The anodizing solution, containing ethylene glycol (EG) with HClO4 acid, was used with a 15V supply and a graphite rod as a cathode in the anodizing process. A variation in the pretreating time to be 15, 20, and 30min for the electrochemical anodizing process was included. A scanning electron microscope was utilized to examine the morphology of surfaces of the SS316L wires, which showed various morphology natures. The mechanical flexural strength test was conducted for all samples statistically to check the results. The flexural strength test results of the composite sample groups of PMMA reinforced with the scratched surface for 90 min stainless steel wire 316L presented the highest flexural strength value (113 MPa) with a 66% increment. All results proved that reinforcing PMMA by ss 316L are enhancing the flexural strength by comparing the results with previous works and pointing to the activity of the used scratching process.
Applied Physics
Teymur B. Taghiyev
Abstract
The study investigated the photoluminescent properties of undoped and rare-earth element erbium-doped solid solutions GaS1-xSex0.1аt% irradiated with gamma-quanta. Erbium doping reduces the photoluminescence intensity in solid solutions. After irradiation Dg= 300-1000Gy, the photoluminescence intensity ...
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The study investigated the photoluminescent properties of undoped and rare-earth element erbium-doped solid solutions GaS1-xSex0.1аt% irradiated with gamma-quanta. Erbium doping reduces the photoluminescence intensity in solid solutions. After irradiation Dg= 300-1000Gy, the photoluminescence intensity increases. An increase in the photoluminescence intensity in irradiated solid solutions is explained by a decrease in the concentration of centres responsible for the fast recombination channel and associated with lattice defects. At T=77K, due to the decay of bound Frenkel pairs, Si and Vs appear in the sulfur sublattice. The Si defects are responsible for the increase in the intensity of the green luminescence band. The redistribution of photoluminescence intensity in the 0.520 - 0.600 µm range is due to energy transfer to rare-earth centres in activated crystals. The investigated results allow us to conclude that doping with erbium leads to a series of emission lines appearing in the visible region of the spectrum.
Applied Physics
Ammar Mukhlif Jasim; Nathera Abass Ali
Abstract
This research investigates the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from potato peel waste (PPW). AC was synthesized under atmospheric conditions via two activation methods: chemical activation and carbon dioxide physical activation. The effects of the drying period on precursor preparation and activation ...
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This research investigates the synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from potato peel waste (PPW). AC was synthesized under atmospheric conditions via two activation methods: chemical activation and carbon dioxide physical activation. The effects of the drying period on precursor preparation and activation methods were investigated. The specific surface area and pore volume of the ACs were estimated using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. The AC from physical activation had a surface area of 1210 m²/g and a pore volume of 0.37 cm³/g, while chemical activation yielded AC with similar surface area but lower pore volume (0.34 cm³/g). The main aim is to produce activated carbon from natural materials and characterize the elemental analysis, surface area, and morphology of ACs from PPW using potassium hydroxide (AC-PPK) and carbon dioxide (AC-PPC) as activating agents. X-ray diffraction showed crystallinity degrees of 35.03% for AC-PPK and 35.46% for AC-PPC. Both methods resulted in AC with low crystallinity, indicating an amorphous structure. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of AC revealed surface nanotips with maximum heights of 1,396 nm and 778 nm. Scanning electron microscopy showed the external surfaces full of cavities and highly irregular due to activation. Activated carbon from PPW is a low-cost and effective adsorbent compared to other sources.
Applied Physics
Mariam Mohamed Abud; Mohanad Mousa Azzawi; Hawazen Fadhil Alnaqeeb
Abstract
This paper introduces an innovative method for measuring laser pulse energy using photoacoustic converters. The concept of paper design and built energy meters using PZT as three specimens have a diameter of (20, 24, and 25) mm, and coating SiO2 was chosen in this test because it has unique properties, ...
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This paper introduces an innovative method for measuring laser pulse energy using photoacoustic converters. The concept of paper design and built energy meters using PZT as three specimens have a diameter of (20, 24, and 25) mm, and coating SiO2 was chosen in this test because it has unique properties, is affordable and is compact. Genetic energy meters are expensive. They were comparing the genetic meter (used in this study that is manufactured of pyroelectric material and PZT/SiO2). The outcomes demonstrated that within the laser pulse's energy (100-400mJ). Peak voltage values for PZT composites range from 0.48 to 0.84 volts at the voltage output as their diameter increases (PZT-S with a diameter of 20 mm). The output voltage ranges for PZT-M (diameter 24 mm) and PZT-B (diameter 25 mm) are 0.18 to 0.68 and 0.08 to 0.56, respectively. The design has been built and characterized by measured voltage and energy meter sources. A piezoelectric actuator had been fabricated on silicon sand wafer composites by converting the light waves (the laser pulse) into shock waves. Unlike the energy meter type (pyroelectric) for genetic-, the energy meter created in (PZT/SiO2) is unaffected by Damage caused by high temperatures from laser Nd: YAG pulse energy.
Applied Physics
Amir A. Abdul Hussein; Adi M. Abdul Hussein; Noor A. Hasan
Abstract
Superconductors have entered into many applications and advanced technological fields, due to their excellent properties identified by zero resistance and expelling the magnetic field applied to them. Superconductivity is a viable technology to prevent energy losses contributed by electrical resistivity. ...
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Superconductors have entered into many applications and advanced technological fields, due to their excellent properties identified by zero resistance and expelling the magnetic field applied to them. Superconductivity is a viable technology to prevent energy losses contributed by electrical resistivity. Also, the magnetic flux is repelled entirely out of the body of superconducting material which makes the Meissner Effect. High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) have become the focus of researchers and scientists. This is because it uses liquid nitrogen "LN" in cooling, which gives it significant critical temperatures compared to traditional materials based on liquid helium "LHe" in cooling. From this point of view, began to employ these materials in most disciplines and modern technologies. In this article, the phenomenon of Superconductivity will define with explain its most prominent characteristics and focus on the preparation of the HTS (Yttrium-Barium-Copper-Oxide) compound (Abbreviated as YBCO) in different methods "The Sol-Gel and Citrate Pyrolysis Methods", to creating ultrafine superconducting (Y-123) powders. Generally known that by adopting any preparation technique, the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) value of ≈ 92 K could be achieved in the bulk samples. The Citrate Pyrolysis method is a unique route to prepare reactive precursor mixtures through an ignition process of a concentrated aqueous solution including metallic ions of stoichiometric composition. This procedure enables to synthesize of highly homogeneous and fine powders for functional materials, in comparison to the Sol-gel technique.
Applied Physics
Mohammed A. Ibrahem; Emanuele Verrelli; Khue T. Lai; Fei Cheng; Mary O’Neill
Abstract
ZnO nanoparticles have gained considerable interest lately due to their remarkable optical and electrical properties, which enable them to have the potential to be the next generation of transparent semiconductors. However, interactions with atmospheric water and surface carbonates limited and seriously ...
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ZnO nanoparticles have gained considerable interest lately due to their remarkable optical and electrical properties, which enable them to have the potential to be the next generation of transparent semiconductors. However, interactions with atmospheric water and surface carbonates limited and seriously threatened device stability and dependability. The UV photoconductivity of the ZnO NP films is heavily influenced by oxygen adsorption and organic species in the ambient air. The stability of the ZnO photodetector prepared, annealed, and tested in a nitrogen atmosphere was improved in terms of current magnitude and sustaining photocurrent cycles. ZnO NPs films processed in the air show considerable change in surface composition compared to nitrogen indicated by surface organic complexes. In an oxidized manufacturing environment, the compounds above were effectively eliminated while partly degraded in nitrogen. We find that the ZnO NPs surface is highly reactive with ambient CO2, generating surface carbonates groups that promote electrically active surface states.
Applied Physics
Yadgar Hussein Shwan
Abstract
One of the recommended platforms for waveguide generation in the infrared region is silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). This paper proposes a modal of the optical waveguide of silicon on a sapphire from ), using FEM (finite-element method) solver simulation performed by FDTD [finite-different-time-domain]. ...
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One of the recommended platforms for waveguide generation in the infrared region is silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). This paper proposes a modal of the optical waveguide of silicon on a sapphire from ), using FEM (finite-element method) solver simulation performed by FDTD [finite-different-time-domain]. The waveguide is directly based on the refractive index difference between the wave's guideline regions and surrounding media (cladding). The use of FEM to analyze a single waveguide mode of SOS at a certain size within multiple wavelengths is a unique aspect of this research. In addition, this project's objective is to discov how the waveguide size (dimension) impacts single-mode waveguides in the infrared region. The investigation includes single-mode polarization with both transverse-magnetic TM0 and transverse-electric TE0 polarization. The waveguide is reliant on the effective index of different mediums, and sizes of substances, they have a significant role in generating waveguide with minimum loss (minimum dispersion). The study's most crucial finding is that single-mode can be achieved in silicon with widths ranging from ( ) and height ranging from as well as analysis the characteristics of mode polarization and explain those parameters have a massive role in the waveguide like effective index, sizes of structure and wavelength. In keeping with our modal analysis, we also state the mode's characterization and direct some factors' influence on the waveguide.
Applied Physics
Hanan H. Kadhim; Noor Hasan; Adawiya J. Haider
Abstract
Revolutionary developments have been started in the field of superconductors since their discovery. High-temperature superconductors have been a focus of attention in advanced technology for many scientists because of their potential applications. Therefore, many changes are made in the products that ...
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Revolutionary developments have been started in the field of superconductors since their discovery. High-temperature superconductors have been a focus of attention in advanced technology for many scientists because of their potential applications. Therefore, many changes are made in the products that use such materials. It remains one of the most exciting research fields and can revolutionize the physics and technology of the future. It is required to understand and learn the history and basic principles of Superconductivity for its better implications. Considering its recent discoveries, its current applications can be studied. The mechanism of ‘HTS’ is much easier to understand after the significant development made in the field of Superconductivity. The purpose of this work is to better understand and appreciate research in the field of Superconductors. Basically, HTS has been used in many areas, but much progress is needed. HTS can be used in optoelectronics technologies and countless other applications after the effects seen by such improvements. In particular, this review focuses on the high-temperature BSCCO compound and its manufacture by the Solid-State reaction method and the PLD technique, which could be useful to electronics technology, particularly optoelectronic devices applications. Superconducting electronics devices have a lot of promise for future high-efficiency optoelectronics.
Applied Physics
Eman M. Suliman; Uday M. Nayef; Falah A. Mutlak
Abstract
In this study, Au:TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared by using the laser ablation method in liquid at different laser energies (600, 800, and1000 mJ). After that, Au: TiO2 NPs were deposited on porous-Si(PS). Porous silicon (PS) is synthesized by using the photo-electrochemical etching (PECE) of n-type ...
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In this study, Au:TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared by using the laser ablation method in liquid at different laser energies (600, 800, and1000 mJ). After that, Au: TiO2 NPs were deposited on porous-Si(PS). Porous silicon (PS) is synthesized by using the photo-electrochemical etching (PECE) of n-type crystalline Si (c-Si) wafers of (100) orientation. The intensity of the etching current density was (4, 12, and 20 mA/cm2), with 16% (HF), and the etching time was 15 minutes. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectrophotometry, and electrical properties are used to characterize the obtained particles. From the photo-detector measurements, the spectral responsivity curves three inclusive regions; the first peak was due to the absorption of UV light by Au: TiO2 NPs. The second peak was corresponding to the visible light absorption with the PS layer and the third peak was due to the absorption edge of the Si substrate. The higher responsivity of Au: TiO2 NPs/PS photo-detector was found to be 2.56A/W for specimens prepared at laser energy 800mJ.
Applied Physics
Doaa Akram; Nahida Hameed
Abstract
This work presents a detailed study on the preparation and performance of polyaniline (PANI)/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend. The blends are prepared by the casting method at different weight ratios (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%). The structural morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscope ...
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This work presents a detailed study on the preparation and performance of polyaniline (PANI)/Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend. The blends are prepared by the casting method at different weight ratios (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%). The structural morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscope SEM. The morphological analysis showed a uniform blend of PANI with PVA matrix. PVA exhibits lamellae structure of different shapes and dimensions. For 1% PANI, the results showed homogeneous blending, which decreases with an increase of the PANI ratio. Phase separation and semispherical region formation in the PVA matrix were seen. It was found that incompatibilities increase with increasing the PANI ratio. Also, the results proved in the blends scanning electron microscope anilinium cation – radical surfaces for an aggregate of different dimension and spherical shapes, which induced by surface tension. The electrical conductivity study of PANI/PVA blends and PVA reveals that PANI/PVA gives the conductivity of 10−4(cm.Ω)-1, while PVA presented the lowest conductivity with the value of 10−12 (cm.Ω)-1. The results also showed an increase in ionic conductivity with temperature and PANI weight ratio. The increase in electrical conduction with increasing temperatures is due to the negative thermal coefficient, this result is attributed to the polymer chains that act as traps for charge carriers, and when the temperature rises, the transfer mechanism will be reigned by the hopping process.
Applied Physics
Adam K. kadhim; Atheer I. Abd Ali; Mohammad R. Mohammad
Abstract
In this paper, we present triple cation perovskites because it has excellent stability and PV performance. To characterize the triple-cation perovskite solar cells, X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscope, and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were used. The performance of perovskite ...
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In this paper, we present triple cation perovskites because it has excellent stability and PV performance. To characterize the triple-cation perovskite solar cells, X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscope, and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy were used. The performance of perovskite solar cells was improved by reducing graphene oxide/bismuth oxide mixed mesoporous titanium dioxide as an effective electron transport layer. The perovskite layer deposited onto modified TiO2 layer showed a larger grain size with better crystalline nature. The optimum device has fabricated at room temperature without a glove box and obtained a power conversion efficacy of 17%.
Applied Physics
Saad A. Tuama; Omar A. Abdulrazzaq; Shaima K. Abdulridha; Noora Faiq
Abstract
This paper introduces a comprehensive investigation on the performance of on-grid 2.7kWp residential scale PV system in Baghdad location with aid of PVSyst software simulation. The study focused on the impact of a wide range of PV tilt angles, orientations, and various configurations on the productivity ...
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This paper introduces a comprehensive investigation on the performance of on-grid 2.7kWp residential scale PV system in Baghdad location with aid of PVSyst software simulation. The study focused on the impact of a wide range of PV tilt angles, orientations, and various configurations on the productivity of the system. Such comprehensive study was never investigated in literature over Baghdad city before, up to our knowledge. In this simulation, azimuth angle is varied from -90° to 90° with a constant 30° tilt angle, then tilt angle varied from 0° to 90° with a constant 0° azimuth angle. Results revealed that the 30° tilt angle with 0° azimuth angle is giving the best PV performance among all other angles. It is also shown that small change in azimuth (up to 30°) has unnoticeable effect on the PV performance. The study concluded that small offset in azimuth is considered acceptable from the design side of view. It is also noticed that small tilt angles boost the productivity in summer months, while large tilts boost the productivity in winter months. But the optimum angle that gives the highest productivity over the whole year is 30°. These results are explained by the sun latitude throughout the months of the year. In addition, 2-seasons method configuration showed a better performance compared to all of the fixed configurations with an increase in energy production of ~5%. However, the best performance was obtained with the tracking configuration with energy production of 25% more than all of other configurations.
Applied Physics
Asef Josheghanian; Ehsan Akbari-hamed; Elham Khanlarzadeh; Mohammad hadi Gholami; Safoora Nikzad
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various factors and treatments protocols' outcomes on the survival of patients with gastric cancer (GC). In a retrospective cohort study Patients with a definite diagnosis of GC who had been hospitalized at the Mahdie Hospital of Hamadan, Iran, from 2005-2017 ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of various factors and treatments protocols' outcomes on the survival of patients with gastric cancer (GC). In a retrospective cohort study Patients with a definite diagnosis of GC who had been hospitalized at the Mahdie Hospital of Hamadan, Iran, from 2005-2017 were investigated. GC-related survival for different factors, types, locations of the tumor, sites of metastasis, and used treatment methods investigated. Data analyze performed by SPSS software version 21. 95 patients, including 66 (71%) male, and 27 (29%) female, were identified. The mean age was 63.88±12.41 years. The largest proportion of tumors was located in the cardia (29.7%), body (18.9%), and antrum (18.9%) of the stomach. The most common site of metastasis was the liver (52.6%), and lung (26.3%). The average survival of patients was 40.64±4.58 months, and the one, two, three, four, and five years’ survival of investigated patients were 0.68, 0.49, 0.43, 0.39, and 0.34 years, respectively. The average survival of patients with and without metastasis were 16.35±3.27 and 46.97±5.30 months (P=0.004). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the survival and total dose of RT, total number of CT sessions, and dose of each RT session were -0.003 (P-value=0.98), 0.006 (P-value=0.97), and -0.108 (P-value=0.412), respectively. Results show that there were no statistically significant differences between the average survival of patients and used treatment method, grade, type of cancer, and CT medicine. But survival of patients with metastasis was significantly lower than patients without metastasis (P=0.029).
Applied Physics
Rania Huseen; Ali Taha; Oday Abdulhusein
Abstract
Iron oxides are the most common types of substances available in nature in various forms such as oxides, hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides, which obtained from various aqueous reactions. In the present study, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) had been synthesized using co - precipitation method and ...
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Iron oxides are the most common types of substances available in nature in various forms such as oxides, hydroxides and oxide-hydroxides, which obtained from various aqueous reactions. In the present study, iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) had been synthesized using co - precipitation method and determined some biological activities. Iron oxide NPs had been characterized by spectrophotometry, X- Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FE-SEM). The XRD analysis confirmed the purity and crystalline nature of fabricated NPs. In contrast, four biological activities of iron oxide NPs were determined. High removal of methylene blue pollutant dye (37.62 %) was observed when iron oxide NPs were used at 400 µg/ml within 48 hrs. Furthermore, iron oxide NPs revealed high inhibition zones of 27.5 and 30 mm, at 1000 µg/ml, toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively. The hemolysis activity of fabricated NPs is increases whenever concentrations increased. The lower hemolysis percentage of iron oxide NPs was (69.76%) when the NPs concentration was 250 µg/ml. Finally, cytotoxic activity was estimated against MCF- 7 cell line and normal cell line WRL68 by MTT assay. Significant and decrease in viability of (MCF-7 to 65.1%) when 400 µg/ml of iron oxide NPs was examined, while WRL68 viability was (75.03%).
Applied Physics
Shaima K. Abdulridha; Saad A. Tuma; Omar A. Abdulrazzaq
Abstract
In this work, the effect of maintenance bridges partial shading on the performance of the Renewable Energy and Environment Research Center (REERC) PV system was thoroughly investigated, in order to estimate the power loss amount in the PV system due to the maintenance bridges. The study was performed ...
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In this work, the effect of maintenance bridges partial shading on the performance of the Renewable Energy and Environment Research Center (REERC) PV system was thoroughly investigated, in order to estimate the power loss amount in the PV system due to the maintenance bridges. The study was performed on one panel, then projected on the whole system (540 panels). Partial shade area of the bridges was measured monthly for 9 months (3 months were missing because of the pandemic). The utilized panel in this study is a 2 m2 area panel with 96 solar cells connected in series. Measurements were carried out at three different daytimes for each month (8:30AM, 10:00AM, and 12:00PM). The results showed that loss is occurred in current and power only, where voltage showed less influence with partial shade. The results of the panel were projected to the whole system to estimate the loss of the total REERC system (540 PV panel). The designed power of the system is 155kW. The actual rated power was 78kW at noon in March 9, 2020. This is a drop of 50% of the power. This huge drop is a combined effect for both partial shade and ambient temperature.
