Chemistry
Enass J. Waheed; Ali M. A. Al-Khazraji; Awf A. R. Ahmed
Abstract
Mannich base is a versatile compound that can be easily modified to introduce different functional groups, allowing for the creation diverse selection of items with varying features. Additionally, the Mannich reaction is a valuable tool in organic synthesis, due to the fact it provides an effortless ...
Read More ...
Mannich base is a versatile compound that can be easily modified to introduce different functional groups, allowing for the creation diverse selection of items with varying features. Additionally, the Mannich reaction is a valuable tool in organic synthesis, due to the fact it provides an effortless and efficient approach for synthesizing C-N bonds. Overall, The Mannich base and even its derivatives are essential in many aspects of chemistry and its complexes are in the pharmaceutical industry. Studies have revealed that it shows good anti-cancer, anti-mycobacterial, remarkable anti-HIV, anti-tubercular, anti-convulsant, anti-fungal, antiviral, antitumor, cytotoxic activities and in industrial applications such as in the creation of polymers, surface activity agents, deter gents and resins. The presence of the basic Mannich sidechain has shown marked antimalarial, anti - inflammatory, analgesic and anti - microbial activities. These compounds have also been shown to inhibit corrosion, as well as antioxidant and reducing agents. This review article shows the definition, importance and different applications of Mannich base ligands with transitional metal. These complexes exhibit potent anti-microbial, antiviral, and anti-cancer activities, showcasing their potential in pharmaceutical research and drug development. Moreover, the luminescent properties of Mannich base metal complexes have been harnessed for applications in optoelectronics and sensing. Their tunable emission profiles make them suitable candidates for various sensing platforms and light-emitting devices Mannich base metal complexes.
Chemistry
Sara Salam Ali; M. S. Ali; Abdulnasser M. Al-Gebori; Hassanien Ahmed Hadi Al-Jumaily; Poh Choon Ooi; Asalnov Jamaladdin Nuraddin
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a common disease and may affect 90% of people, and is classified into gingivitis and periodontitis. The objective of this study was if the deficiency of some vitamins and trace elements affects the increase in exposure to periodontal diseases or to find out whether the periodontal ...
Read More ...
Periodontal disease is a common disease and may affect 90% of people, and is classified into gingivitis and periodontitis. The objective of this study was if the deficiency of some vitamins and trace elements affects the increase in exposure to periodontal diseases or to find out whether the periodontal disease can cause changes in the blood level of some nutrients and their role in reducing periodontal diseases. For this purpose, samples were taken from the University of Baghdad, College of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics, in the Periodontics clinic, including a group of 40 patients’ periodontitis, as well as another 40 patients’ gingivitis, and 40 healthy periodontium as control. There was no overall sickness in any of the groups. Periodontal clinical data were recorded, and serum parameter levels were assessed. The findings showed that plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss were significantly greater (P< 0.01) in patients compared to the control. Levels of vitamin C and D were significantly decreased in patients compared with control (P<0.01), while levels of copper were high significant increase) in the patients compared to the control, and zinc show a highly significant increase in the periodontitis group. A negative correlation was found between vitamin D with BOP and PLI, in conclusion, low levels of C and D are associated with a risk factor for periodontal disease and contribute to the development of the disease, and high levels of copper and zinc play an important function as an indication of periodontal disease.
Chemistry
Thekra Abd Alkarim; Khalida F. Al-Azawi; Rana Afif Anaee
Abstract
The investigation of the efficiency of two expired drugs, including Spiramycin and Isosorbide dinitrate, was done as corrosion inhibitors for aluminum in 0.1M HCl medium using the electrochemical method by Potentiostst at four temperatures (293, 303, 313, and 323 K) and 200 ppm as constant concentration ...
Read More ...
The investigation of the efficiency of two expired drugs, including Spiramycin and Isosorbide dinitrate, was done as corrosion inhibitors for aluminum in 0.1M HCl medium using the electrochemical method by Potentiostst at four temperatures (293, 303, 313, and 323 K) and 200 ppm as constant concentration for each drug. The results showed that these drugs gave good efficiencies equal to 98.836% and 94.285 % for Spiramycin and Isosorbide dinitrate at 293 K, respectively, by adsorption process on the metallic surface. They act as mixed-type inhibitors due to shifting corrosion potential either to active or noble direction. The corrosion data were measured and debated, where the corrosion current density was decreased after adding expired drugs to the corrosive medium due to inhibiting the cathodic and anodic reactions (i.e., the dissolution and reduction reactions). Using SEM exam, the inhibited surface of specimens was characterized to confirm the coverage of the surface by drug molecules. The adsorbed layer by Spiramycin was better than that by Isosorbide dinitrate. Also, the Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to limit the active site attracted to the surface by adsorption that confirmed the attraction by hydroxyl and nitro groups, as illustrated by the mechanism of inhibition. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the inhibitors against some types of bacteria was tested to confirm the formation of an inhibition zone against bacteria. The quantum chemical parameters exhibited a good correlation with the inhibition efficiency.
Chemistry
Aliru Olajide Mustapha; Ahmed Dare Sarumi; Sheriphdeen Abiodun Adewuyi; Emmanuel Oluwatobi Ayantoyinbo; Blessing Ruth Adebayo; Rhoda Opeyemi Adams; Zainab Jasmie Abdulsalam; Samson Oladapo Bello
Abstract
The depletion of natural resources and the negative impact of oil on the environment have sparked interest in biodiesel as an alternative source of energy. Indigenous vegetable oils have the potential to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Transesterification of vegetable oils produces biodiesel, which ...
Read More ...
The depletion of natural resources and the negative impact of oil on the environment have sparked interest in biodiesel as an alternative source of energy. Indigenous vegetable oils have the potential to be used as biodiesel feedstocks. Transesterification of vegetable oils produces biodiesel, which is regulated by numerous inputs factors, such as catalyst dosage, temperature, speed, and time while the density and specific gravity are outputs. Sweet almond (prunusamygdalus dulcis) and jatropha (jatropha curcas) seed oils were used to optimize conditions for the transesterification processes using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental matrix at different sodium hydroxide doses (0.3 – 1.5 wt %), intensity (500 – 1000 rpm), and time (20 – 60 min) in the presence of fixed molar ratio, and temperature were designed to optimize the biodiesel output variables (yield, specific gravity, and density).The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed results for refined sweet almond biodiesel (RSAB) at catalyst (0.554 wt %), speed (750 rpm), time (40 min), giving the optimization solution with the specific gravity (0.995 g/cm3), density (1.230 g/cm3) with the yield of 83.304% for RSAB. Whereas the RJB had the optimum catalyst of (0.3 wt %,), speed (500 rpm), time (44.1 min), with the specific gravity (0.964 g/cm3), density (0.884 g/cm3), and the biodiesel yield of 96.4%. The estimated biodiesel yields vary by 13.096% under these reaction conditions. According to ANOVA statistics, the catalyst dose has a substantial effect on biodiesel yields, and these biodiesels could be employed as an environmentally friendly alternative to diesel.
Chemistry
Murtadha S. Al-Eissa; Riaydh S. Almukhtar; Bashir Y. Sherhan
Abstract
The excessive use of plastics in the last years is the challenge that has arisen in managing plastic wastes to avoid dangerous effects. Polyvinyl chloride is part of these wastes. It can be utilized to produce fuel-like petroleum fractions depending on pyrolysis, which is the thermal decomposition of ...
Read More ...
The excessive use of plastics in the last years is the challenge that has arisen in managing plastic wastes to avoid dangerous effects. Polyvinyl chloride is part of these wastes. It can be utilized to produce fuel-like petroleum fractions depending on pyrolysis, which is the thermal decomposition of plastics in the absence of oxygen. This work aims to reduce environmental pollution and reuse plastic waste as an alternative fuel source. A comparison of the thermal and catalytic processes under the optimum temperature 450 oC, pressure 20 bar, and residence time 1hour in a semi-batch reactor with and without adding Pt/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis was made for PVC. Catalysts were characterized by X-RAY diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The liquid and gas products were analyzed by (GC/MS) to evaluate the quality of products. In the hydro-cracking reaction, most gas products were produced using NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst, about 62.29 wt%. The aromatic and saturated-aliphatic in the liquid using NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts were 21.07 and 72.81 wt%. The aromatics and saturated aliphatic in the liquid product using thermal non-catalytic and Pt/Al2O3 catalysts were 23.83 wt% & 63.52 wt% and 21.88 wt% & 64.01, respectively. The ratio of gasoline range components is the highest in the hydrocracking process on NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts. Using catalytic-hydrocracking on Pt/Al2O3 gives the highest diesel range component. It was confirmed that the generated undesirable product seems was very few in the hydrocracking reactions compared to the thermal cracking reactions.
Chemistry
Reem A. Al-Qaisi; Abdulnasser M. Al-Gebori; Mohammed Hadi Munshed Alosami
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of a variety of malignancies, including leukemia. Furthermore, the incidence of leukemia increases with age due to an increase in the number of free radicals reacting with age and a lower ability of the immune system to detoxify those free radicals. ...
Read More ...
Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of a variety of malignancies, including leukemia. Furthermore, the incidence of leukemia increases with age due to an increase in the number of free radicals reacting with age and a lower ability of the immune system to detoxify those free radicals. This study aims to investigate the levels of antioxidant activity and their relationship with various types of leukemia. The current study was carried out in the Hematology section of Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City from November 2020 to January 2021. Patients with leukemia (n = 60) were divided into four groups based on their leukemia type: Acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). These groups were compared to 30 healthy subjects. In this study, serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and vitamin E were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The findings revealed that (Mean±SE) SOD levels were observed to be raised with age, but (Mean±SE) vitamin E levels decreased with age in leukemia patients. There were no statistically significant differences in gender (males and females). Compared with healthy subjects, the results showed a significant increase in SOD levels in ALL, AML, CLL, and CML (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences observed in vitamin E levels in ALL, AML, and CML except for the CLL group, which showed a significant decrease compared to the healthy subjects. Positive correlations were found between SOD and age (r = 0.367 P < 0.01). These results suggest that SOD and vitamin E levels play a critical role as an indicator of acute and chronic leukemia.
Chemistry
Howraa R. Alkabi; Wafaa R. Alfatlawi; Muhammed A. H. Aldabagh
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systematic bone disorder characterized by bone mass loss and bone tissue architectural degeneration. The incidence of osteoporosis in women increases with age, reflecting the considerable increase in bone loss rate in postmenopausal women once estrogen loses its protective influence. ...
Read More ...
Osteoporosis is a systematic bone disorder characterized by bone mass loss and bone tissue architectural degeneration. The incidence of osteoporosis in women increases with age, reflecting the considerable increase in bone loss rate in postmenopausal women once estrogen loses its protective influence. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Osteocalcin, Vitamin D, and other parameters that influence bone quality and increased bone fragility in postmenopausal Iraqi women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The levels of vitamin D receptor and vitamin D binding protein in serum are studied for the first time in our study. The present study included 89 postmenopausal women aged 50-70 years old, 62 T2DM patients, and 27 controls. Ten of the T2DM patients were considered osteoporotic, 28 were considered osteopenia, and 22 were normal; this classification is according to the WHO criterion. After matching for body mass index (BMI) and age for patients and controls, results show a significant difference in serum Osteocalcin, vitamin D, and vitamin D binding protein levels in patients compared to controls. In our study, diabetic patients appear with high levels of Osteocalcin, vit.D, and vitamin D binding protein compared with non-diabetic control. The processes underlying diabetes mellitus-induced skeletal problems are unknown. Anti-diabetic medications might have an adverse or favorable effect on bone metabolism. The study concludes that managing skeletal health in postmenopausal women entails screening fracture risk factors, lowering modifiable risk variables through dietary and lifestyle modifications, and using a pharmacologic treatment for individuals at high risk of osteoporosis or fracture. Women with osteoporosis must be managed for the rest of their lives.
Chemistry
Alaa A. Majeed; Rashed T. Rasheed
Abstract
Different iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 and Fe2O3) were prepared by the sol-gel method (titration). The prepared nanoparticles were heated at 90 and 400°C. The morphology surface and structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet/Visible (Uv/Visible) measurements, ...
Read More ...
Different iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 and Fe2O3) were prepared by the sol-gel method (titration). The prepared nanoparticles were heated at 90 and 400°C. The morphology surface and structures were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet/Visible (Uv/Visible) measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The enzyme mimetic activities of these nanoparticles (Fe3O4 and Fe2O3) such as two enzymes (Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidase (Pxase)) were measured. The results showed the iron oxides (Fe2O3) heated at 90°C, have the maximum activity (189.99 K.min-1) as catalase (CAT). While the iron oxides (Fe3O4) heated at 90°C, have the maximum activity (3.044 U.min-1) as peroxidase (Pxase), and there is a decrease in the activity for both nanoparticles when annealed at 400°C. Despite the average grain size decrease in both samples, however, the mimetic activity decrease that is mean the average grain size is not affected in both mimetic activities as catalase and peroxidase.
Chemistry
Bassma A. Hadi; Hiba H. Ibraheem
Abstract
Corrosion inhibitions in corrosive solutions of hydrochloric acid for mild steel by chemical compound 3-acetyl-4-(4-bromophenyl)-6-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl pyridine-2(1H)-one (ABCP), was conducted and the chemical structure was elucidated The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared ...
Read More ...
Corrosion inhibitions in corrosive solutions of hydrochloric acid for mild steel by chemical compound 3-acetyl-4-(4-bromophenyl)-6-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl pyridine-2(1H)-one (ABCP), was conducted and the chemical structure was elucidated The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques. The compound ABCP had been investigated at 25 ˚C via weight loss technique. The outcomes show that the ABCP displays great performances as an inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid. Inhibition efficiency increments with expanding of concentration and become 98.4% at the highest studied concentration. The studies have demonstrated a reverse association between corrosion rate (CR) and inhibition efficiency (IE percent), as IE increases while CR decreases with an increased concentration. In the presence of ABCP, inhibitory efficiency was up to 98.4% at 25°C in presence of ABCP (0.5 mM). IE drops notably at 65°C with an increased temperature. By means of FT -IR and NMR spectroscopy approaches and physical properties through melting point and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), the chemical structure of the tested inhibitor has been clarified.
Chemistry
Yasameen Kadhim Hasan Al-Majedy; Samar M. Shakir
Abstract
Coumarins are oxygen heterocyclic compounds that exist naturally and have a wide range of pharmacological properties, making them ideal as lead compounds for developing more powerful analogs. The modification of 4-methyl, 7-hydroxycoumarin by different reaction steps was done in this study to yield target ...
Read More ...
Coumarins are oxygen heterocyclic compounds that exist naturally and have a wide range of pharmacological properties, making them ideal as lead compounds for developing more powerful analogs. The modification of 4-methyl, 7-hydroxycoumarin by different reaction steps was done in this study to yield target compounds. They were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR and NMR), melting point and a thin layer chromatography. The microbiological activity of these compounds was investigated in a variety of bacterial and fungal species. Since the newly synthesized derivatives contain a variety of functional groups and may be microbiologically active, so the microbiological function of these derivatives in a variety of bacteria and fungi species was examined. In terms of the microorganism growth inhibition, the prepared compounds showed various levels of the activity. Antimicrobial properties have been discovered in newly synthesized derivatives. Density functional theory calculations of the synthesized coumarins were performed using molecular structures with optimized geometries.
Chemistry
Zahra A. Hassan; Rashed T. Rasheed
Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide and Tin dioxide nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal methods to remove methylene blue (MB) and bromothymol blue (BTB) dyes). First the prepared nanoparticles were heated at different temperature (90 oC and 500 oC). Then these nanoparticles were characterized by different methods ...
Read More ...
Vanadium pentoxide and Tin dioxide nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal methods to remove methylene blue (MB) and bromothymol blue (BTB) dyes). First the prepared nanoparticles were heated at different temperature (90 oC and 500 oC). Then these nanoparticles were characterized by different methods such as UV/Visible, FT-IR Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Our results explain that vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles appeared high remove activity against both types of organic dyes (MB and BTB) compared to tin dioxide nanoparticles. Furthermore,vanadium pentoxide heating at 90 oC has grain size (86.02 nm) more than that of Tin dioxide (48.02 nm) at same temperature. The activity of vanadium pentoxide is more than that of tin dioxide.may be related to high ionic potential (0.073), compared with Tin dioxide (0.048).