Biotechnology
Fattin A. Fadhil; Azhar M. Haleem; Abdulrahman Khalaf Ali; Ahlam T. Mohammed
Abstract
New approaches have been developed to combat bacterial infections because of the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Gold colloidal nanoparticles and their applications as antibacterial agents have shown promising strategies due to these properties. The properties of nanoparticles, including ...
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New approaches have been developed to combat bacterial infections because of the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Gold colloidal nanoparticles and their applications as antibacterial agents have shown promising strategies due to these properties. The properties of nanoparticles, including size, shape, and surface charge, play an essential role in determining antibacterial activity. Pulsed laser ablation in a liquid medium was utilized to produce gold nanoparticles, an environmentally friendly method. Gold NPs were produced in ultrapure water. Experimental research was done to determine the impact of the number of laser pulses on the nanoparticles' size, shape, and concentration. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks for gold nanoparticles were detected by UV–visible spectroscopy at approximately 525 nm in the visible region. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the appearance of spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 20 to 80 nm. For gold nanoparticles, increasing laser pulses from 100 to 250 pulses while maintaining the fixed energy of the laser at 600 mJ reduced the average nanoparticle size. S. mutans were isolated to study and evaluate the antibacterial effects of AuNP substances using the suitable diffusion method. The antibacterial examination revealed valuable results for gold nanoparticles, which showed a more significant effect on bacteria at high concentrations. The best results were found for the sample prepared at the highest concentration at 250 pulses. Toxicity assessments of the materials revealed low toxicity levels of this material, confirming their safety for human use.
Biotechnology
Anwer Jaber Faisal; Bassam Shaker Mahmood; Baraa Ahmed Saeed
Abstract
The increasing number of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics poses a major challenge to public health. Therefore, research into new treatment methods is essential to overcome these challenges. Phage treatment is a promising technique to increase the efficacy of antimicrobials against resistant ...
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The increasing number of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics poses a major challenge to public health. Therefore, research into new treatment methods is essential to overcome these challenges. Phage treatment is a promising technique to increase the efficacy of antimicrobials against resistant microbes. This review documents the ability of bacteriophages to interact with conventional antibiotics due to their specificity and adaptability to target and control bacterial populations, especially when used in combination with antibiotics. Combination therapy can deliver the lowest effective concentration of antibiotics while reducing toxicity. Research has confirmed that the synergy of phages and antibiotics can disrupt biofilms and delay the development of resistance, which could prolong the efficacy of existing antibiotics. In addition, this study highlights challenges such as stability, delivery and clearance and underlines the importance of developing optimized phage-antibiotic combinations. It also discusses new technologies such as phagemids and CRISPR-mediated phage, including the modification of phage genetic material to improve their ability to target specific bacterial infections. The phages are modified to recognize bacterial surface markers or contain sequences that improve their effectiveness against resistant strains. The modifications offer new methods to improve this integrated therapy. Understanding the optimal conditions for the interaction between phages and antibiotics is crucial for the transition of research from the preclinical to the clinical phase. The synergy of phages and antibiotics is a promising strategy to fight infections that are resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, further research is needed to use them in the clinic.
Biotechnology
Maryam D. Kamel; Ali A. Issa; Rand J. Sattar; Rusul H. Sami; Yasser A. Hussein; Doaa S. El-Sayed; Adawiya J. Haider; Bilal H. Jasim
Abstract
This study characterized the physicochemical properties and predicted the structure, function, and protein-protein interactions of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) using bioinformatics tools. BMP15 was found to have a molecular weight of 45055.01 Daltons, sequence length of 392 amino acids, and ...
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This study characterized the physicochemical properties and predicted the structure, function, and protein-protein interactions of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) using bioinformatics tools. BMP15 was found to have a molecular weight of 45055.01 Daltons, sequence length of 392 amino acids, and an extinction coefficient of 55390 at 280 nm with a basic isoelectric point. Secondary structure analysis revealed BMP15 consists mostly of random coil (63.78%), followed by alpha helix (20.66%) and extended strand (15.56%) as well as beta turns. Amino acids with high coil structure like glycine and alanine, which are hydrophobic and flexible, represented the highest concentrations. Transmembrane helix prediction identified four helices located from inside to outside and three from outside to inside. SWISS-MODEL generated four protein structure models corresponding to sequences (Q6PX77.1. A, 5vqf.2. A, 5ntu.1. A, and 5hly.1. A) with sequence identities of (75.38%, 20.83%, 20.77% and 20.33%) respectively. Results correlate BMP15 with oocyte maturation and granulosa cell activation in follicular development. This comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of BMP15 properties, structure, and interactions provides a framework for further study of genetically inherited infertility, drug design, and new protein analysis.
Biotechnology
Noor A. Al-Mohammedawi; Shihab A. Zaidan; Jenan S. Kashan
Abstract
Bone diseases are a serious health problem such as arthritis and osteoporosis. Their effects on the bones, structures, and tissues affect human life. Therefore, developing novel materials to evolve bone damage therapy is required. Bio-ceramic synthesis witnessed increased interest and attention due to ...
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Bone diseases are a serious health problem such as arthritis and osteoporosis. Their effects on the bones, structures, and tissues affect human life. Therefore, developing novel materials to evolve bone damage therapy is required. Bio-ceramic synthesis witnessed increased interest and attention due to the progression of bio-ceramic as high-quality materials to enhance bone healing, replacement, or regeneration. Among the inorganic materials, bioglasses and ceramics showed promising applications in medicine fields due to their several biological properties; for example, biocompatible, their compositions are similar to those in bones osteoinductive and osteoconductive. Thus, they considered promising materials for scaffold manufacturing to promote bone healing. This review aims to present the recent advancements in various classes of bio-ceramics, including inert-ceramics, bioactive ceramics, and bio-resorbable ceramics, and their wide medical applications in bone regeneration, overhauling skeletomuscular, as well as their mechanical issues.
Biotechnology
Huda N. Abid; Amar Al-Keisy; Duha S. Ahmed; Sangeeta Singh
Abstract
Recently, bi-based photocatalysts have begun to be used in biological applications. However, the antibacterial ability of a Bi-based photocatalyst is still unclear. In this study, Bi2MoO6 and Bi2WO6 were successfully synthesised by a hydrothermal approach. The fabricated samples were characterised by ...
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Recently, bi-based photocatalysts have begun to be used in biological applications. However, the antibacterial ability of a Bi-based photocatalyst is still unclear. In this study, Bi2MoO6 and Bi2WO6 were successfully synthesised by a hydrothermal approach. The fabricated samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction, FESEM, and UV-Vis spectra. Besides, the antibacterial activity of both photocatalyst samples toward E. coli as unfavourable and S. aureus as positive pathogens were studied. Compared with the antibacterial of Bi2WO6, the resultant Bi2MoO6 exhibited high susceptibility to S. aureus bacterial strain, revealing large zones of 24 mm to 29 mm. Bi2WO6 exhibited less susceptibility of 17.5 mm to 21.5 mm compared with the zone of inhibition against tested bacterial E. coli. Besides, a possible mechanism suggested the effect of the nanosheet structure of samples to penetrate the cell membrane, which results in leakage of interior cell and complete death, and these results will provide some support for the applications of Bi2MoO6 and Bi2WO6 in antibacterial materials under typical environments.
Biotechnology
Zainab S. Abbas; Ghassan M. Sulaiman; Majid S. Jabir; Hamdoon A. Mohammed; Salman A. A. Mohammed
Abstract
Galangin, a non-toxic phytochemical, is known to have a variety of therapeutic uses. This study looked into the role of inclusion complexes of galangin/β-cyclodextrin in increasing antioxidant activity over pure galangin. The role of this inclusion complex in increasing antioxidant activity in comparison ...
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Galangin, a non-toxic phytochemical, is known to have a variety of therapeutic uses. This study looked into the role of inclusion complexes of galangin/β-cyclodextrin in increasing antioxidant activity over pure galangin. The role of this inclusion complex in increasing antioxidant activity in comparison to pure galangin. In this study, hydrogen peroxide assays were used in vitro. Galangin demonstrated concentration-dependent scavenging action in the 2-50 µg mL-1 range, with the highest level of activity possible 92.00% at 50 µg mL-1. In pure galangin, a decrease of 85.00% was observed. The ferric thiocyanate lipoperoxidation method was clarified by using galangin and galangin/β-cyclodextrin and demonstrated concentration-dependent suppress lipid peroxidation in the 2-50 µg mL-1 range, at 50 µg mL-1, the highest level of activity was 70.00%. A 60.00% decrease in pure galangin was observed. Xanthine oxidase activity using uric acid was given. The co-incubation of galangin and galangin/β-cyclodextrin inhibited xanthine oxidase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in 2-50 µg mL-1 range, at 50 µg mL-1, the highest level of activity was 90.00%. Pure galangin showed an 82.00% decrease. There were no significant differences in absolute weight of mice organs and hematological parameters between pure galangin and galangin/ β-cyclodextrin when used concentration 80 mg kg-1, compared to control group. According to the findings, galangin combined with β-cyclodextrin has excellent properties as a therapeutic agent and food supplement.
Biotechnology
Karrar K. Hameed; Iman H. Gatea; Amal A. Hussein
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is an eco-friendly polymer that has various important biomedical uses, as well as biodegradability, drug delivery, and medical implants. It is a kind of polyester synthesized by various microorganisms as energy reserve material under inappropriate conditions. This study focused ...
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Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is an eco-friendly polymer that has various important biomedical uses, as well as biodegradability, drug delivery, and medical implants. It is a kind of polyester synthesized by various microorganisms as energy reserve material under inappropriate conditions. This study focused on testing waste cooking oil as the source of carbon to optimize PHA production. The tests included the most important environmental components within the culture medium affecting the growth of the bacterial isolate under the experiment and its ability to produce a polymer. Results revealed that the cultivation of Acinetobacter lwoffii, pre-isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil, under optimum conditions showed the highest productivity after 72 hours. Corn oil waste as the carbon and urea as the source of nitrogen were discovered to be the best nutritive sources for concentrated PHA production, with, 2% and 0.5 g/L as the best carbon and nitrogen sources concentrations, respectively. Through the results, it was found that there is an important role for the change, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in the components of the nutrient medium and the surrounding condition in increasing the efficiency of isolation, as it had a significant role in increasing the efficiency of the isolate. There was a significant increase in the PHA content ranging from 10 to 75% and the production of biomass to 3.6 g/L. respectively. Finally, this study concluded that the use of bacterial isolate in the production of PHA can contribute to solving the critical problem of environmental pollution caused by the use of industrial plastic and replacing it with environmentally friendly and low-cost materials.
Biotechnology
Zahraa A. Kadhim; Ghassan M. Sulaiman; Ahmed M. Al-Shammari; Hamdoon A. Mohammed; Salman A. A. Mohammed
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most life-threatening types of cancer that is difficult to treat. The search for effective yet safe therapy is progressing and non-conventional therapies such as using viruses as a smart and selective agent against cancer are promising. The aim of the study ...
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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most life-threatening types of cancer that is difficult to treat. The search for effective yet safe therapy is progressing and non-conventional therapies such as using viruses as a smart and selective agent against cancer are promising. The aim of the study was the presence of a reliable method to use Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as an oncolytic agent against GBM, which attempted to propagate the NDV in laboratory experiments. Ahmed Majeed Hamza Al-Shammari-1 (AMHA1) attenuated strain of NDV was propagated in chicken embryos. The virus's tittered in Vero-slamed cells to determine the infective dose. MTT cell viability assay was used to investigate the killing effects of NDV on Ahmed-Majeed-Glioblastoma-Multiforme-2005 (AMGM5) human glioblastoma cancer cells derived from Iraqi patients. The infected cells' morphology was studied to measure the cytolytic effect of the NDV in cancer cells. Results showed that After 24 to 72 hours of inoculation, all of the chicken embryos died when the AMHA1 Iraqi NDV strain was injected. Cell viability assay showed that the NDV-AMHA1 strain has cytotoxicity at MOI of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 for 72 hours of exposure to cancer cells. The morphological analysis showed that NDV induces cell death in the infected cells with both necrotic and apoptotic features. In conclusion, the study focuses on the propagation of the oncolytic NDV as a biological agent capable of overcoming treatment resistance through infecting and replicating inside cancer.
Biotechnology
Ihab M. Abdulhadi; Mahdi Abbas Shakak; Kifah S. Doosh
Abstract
In this study, mozzarella cheese covered with edible biodegradable films made from whey proteins reinforced with green alcoholic extract was manufactured to reduce environmental impact from degradable plastics. Two types of mozzarella cheese were produced: the first unwrapped (control) and the second ...
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In this study, mozzarella cheese covered with edible biodegradable films made from whey proteins reinforced with green alcoholic extract was manufactured to reduce environmental impact from degradable plastics. Two types of mozzarella cheese were produced: the first unwrapped (control) and the second coated with whey proteins fortified with 3% green tea (envelope sample). The effect on prolonging storage life was evaluated by chemical and microbiological tests. The moisture content on the first day was 53.26% and 53.30% for the control and envelope samples, respectively. This percentage decreased significantly (P≤0.05) on the last day to 47% and 51.06%, respectively. The pH decreased during storage, indicating increased acidity in both samples, with insignificant differences (P≤0.05). The Acid Value (AV) was initially 0.13 (mEq/100 gm fat) for both samples and increased significantly during storage, reaching 2.0 and 1.1 (mEq/100 gm fat) for the control and envelope samples, respectively. Microbiological tests showed that the total bacterial count on the first day was 3.5 × 10² and 2.7 × 10² for the control and envelope samples, respectively. During storage, bacterial counts decreased by 3–6 logarithmic cycles in the envelope sample compared to the control. Gram-negative E. coli counts were two logarithmic cycles lower in the envelope sample compared to the control. The envelope sample was free of lipolytic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, Salmonella sp., and yeasts throughout the storage period.
Biotechnology
Dalal S. Bedan
Abstract
Pullulanase is defined as an extracellular carbohydrase enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of pullulan into maltotriose. Pullulanase can be extracted from Agaricus bisporus edible mushroom and concentrated by dialysis tube using Tris-HCl buffer. This enzyme was purified by different ratios of ammonium ...
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Pullulanase is defined as an extracellular carbohydrase enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of pullulan into maltotriose. Pullulanase can be extracted from Agaricus bisporus edible mushroom and concentrated by dialysis tube using Tris-HCl buffer. This enzyme was purified by different ratios of ammonium sulphate; the optimal ratio was 30%. It can be purified by ion exchange using a DEAE-cellulose column with a final yield of 5.25 and a purification fold of 4.38. Following Sephadex G-100 gel filtration with a yield of 2.60 and purification fold of 5.0, the total activity of the enzyme reached 160IU and the specific activity was 14.5 U/mg. This study was concerned with estimating the optimum pH and temperature of pullulanase, and it recorded an optimal pH of 7, and the optimal temperature was 60°C. The enzyme was more stable at pH 8 and 70°C; the incubation period was also determined, and it appeared the most appropriate period was 30 minutes. CaCl2 and ZnCl2 were activator metal ions. Mercaptoethanol in different concentrations was the greatest inhibitor of pullulanase. One of the problems arising in the surrounding area is that much of the environmental pollution consists of starchy food waste. Pullulanase can degrade the glycosidic linkage of pullulan or starch present in the starch waste. The objective of this study is to produce enzymes like pullulanases to participate in minimizing environmental pollution through the degradation of starch waste as a biotechnological application. The conclusion of this study is that pullulanase can be produced from readily available, safe, and low-cost sources such as mushrooms.
Biotechnology
Muzhda Q. Qader; Yahya A. Shekha
Abstract
The objective of the study is to evaluate the role of microalgae in heavy metal remediation (Pb and Cd). Three microalgae species were used (Tetradesmus nygaardi, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Coelastrella sp.) with four concentrations of both tested heavy metals (lead and cadmium) were, (5, 15, 35, and ...
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The objective of the study is to evaluate the role of microalgae in heavy metal remediation (Pb and Cd). Three microalgae species were used (Tetradesmus nygaardi, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Coelastrella sp.) with four concentrations of both tested heavy metals (lead and cadmium) were, (5, 15, 35, and 50 ppm). Samples were analyzed every 4th day during the experimental study for 20 days. The result showed that during experimental days the lower concentration (5ppm) has the highest reduction percent for Pb and Cd by all microalgal species (Tetradesmus nygaardi, Scenedesemus quadricauda, and Coellastrella sp.). Whereas Coellastrella sp. had the highest efficiency for Pb and Cd uptake in all concentrations (5, 15, 35, and 50 ppm) for Pb removal percent were (86.8%, 86%, 82.85%, 78%) respectively, while for Cd were (84%, 80.66%, 77.14%, 76.94%) respectively. The lead had a higher reduction percent for all concentrations (5-50 ppm) in comparison with cadmium by all microalgal strains during 20 days of the experiment. The removal of Cd and Pb by microalgal strains by order, Coellastrella sp. > Tetradesmus nygaardi > Scenedesemus quadricauda.
Biotechnology
Halah F. Rafeeq; Zahraa A. Sharba
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a noteworthy human pathogen. As a virulence factor, these bacteria may create a thick coating of extracellular biofilm. This aids the organism's adhesion to biotic as well as abiotic surfaces, preventing antimicrobial agents from doing their job. Infections caused by bacterial ...
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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a noteworthy human pathogen. As a virulence factor, these bacteria may create a thick coating of extracellular biofilm. This aids the organism's adhesion to biotic as well as abiotic surfaces, preventing antimicrobial agents from doing their job. Infections caused by bacterial biofilms have become more difficult to treat as a result. Therefore, the present study has been designed to investigate the effects of essential oils, individually or in combination, on the biofilms of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. In this research, the quantification of biofilm composition for 50 isolates from urine samples indicates the following statistics: [n = 24 (48%)] isolates form a strong biofilm, [n = 12 (24%)] a moderate biofilm, [n = 10 (20%)] a weak biofilm, and [n = 4 (8%] a non-biofilm. The Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) and MBC values for essential oils were determined. The results showed that the MIC for tea tree oil was 0.25% and MBC 0.5%. While the MIC for cinnamon oil was 0.125%, and MBC was 0.25%. Afterward, the anti-biofilm effectiveness of essential oils was evaluated. The results showed that both oils had good efficacy against strong biofilm for Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. But in a comparison between them, cinnamon oil showed better results. Due to the efficacy of these two oils, the combined impact of the two oils was discovered in this study. And the results revealed that there was an antagonistic effect. These findings recommend additional essential oils be tested to see how they affect biofilms of Klebsiella pneumoniae or other bacteria.
Biotechnology
Rana M. Abdullah; Shahla N. Al-Azzawi
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause different infections such as nosocomial bacterial infection, Urinary tract infection, Meningitis, Eye infection, Otitis Media, Respiratory infections, and Pneumonia, especially in people with Cystic fibrosis, Bone and joints infection, ...
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause different infections such as nosocomial bacterial infection, Urinary tract infection, Meningitis, Eye infection, Otitis Media, Respiratory infections, and Pneumonia, especially in people with Cystic fibrosis, Bone and joints infection, gastrointestinal infection, Skin infection and soft tissue inflammation. Resistance of P. aeruginosa to antibiotics and disinfectants is a major problem all over the world due to the random and unrestricted use of antibiotics. This resistance is also likely to occur due to several reasons, including the production of beta-lactamase enzymes and the lack of permeability of their cell wall, possibility of it containing resistance genes and the occurrence of genetic mutations leading to the development of resistance to antiseptics and causing failure in treating infections that caused by P. aeruginosa. This study aims to detect and sequence analysis of qacE gene in P. aeruginosa that responds to the resistance of Quaternary ammonium compounds and detect the mutations in this sequence and detection protein synthesis in this gene. A hundred swabs were collected from patients with burns and wounds infection from many Hospital in Baghdad including Al- Kindi Teaching Hospital, Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, National Centre for Educational Laboratories, Al-Shahid Ghazi Hariri Specialist Specialized Burns Centre (Medical City), and Al-Zaafarania General Hospital during the period October 2017 for the end of December 2017.The current study detected 69 isolates of P. aeruginosa from wound 68.6% (24/35) and burn samples 69.2% (45/65). The study was investigated QacE gene in 97.1% that responses of P. aeruginosa resistance to Quaternary ammonium compounds. The sequencing analysis for QacE genes were determined and the results appeared multiple mutations including Missense mutations, insertion mutations and several silent mutations, some mutations effected in the translation of protein while others not affected. This study also included the analysis of phylogenetic tree of QacE gene and the results showed that the tree consisted of only one species which is P. aeruginosa, and the isolates in this study did not deviate of this bacteria even if their mutations were more than 22.
Biotechnology
Abdalrahman S. Mohammed; Abbas A. Al-Janabi
Abstract
In the current study, bioinformatics approach has been utilized to discover the sequences and structures analysis of IL-17A of breast cancer and compares with normal sequence from NCBI. The current study was aimed to discuss the possibility of using IL-17A as a marker for patients with breast cancer. ...
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In the current study, bioinformatics approach has been utilized to discover the sequences and structures analysis of IL-17A of breast cancer and compares with normal sequence from NCBI. The current study was aimed to discuss the possibility of using IL-17A as a marker for patients with breast cancer. Also, the effect of mutation on the physicochemical properties and structure of IL-17A. Sixty blood samples were examined from patients with breast cancer (aged between 20 and 75 years old). In patients with breast cancer, there were missense mutations and deletion mutations detected by BLAST. Furthermore, the current study determined the physicochemical properties of IL-17A, such as their hydrophilic nature; alpha–helical structure, and 3D structure. The results of this study show that IL-17A consider as a marker for the patient with breast cancer. Also, the mutations on IL-17A gene affected the structure and physicochemical properties of the Interleukin-17A protein complex.
Biotechnology
Rafah A. Salih; Ali A. Taha; Nadira S. Mohamed
Abstract
Covid-19 is a global challenge that drives health care to its limits. Biological parameters associated with increased risk of severe or fatal disease courses were identified, including conditions connected with a poor state of health, organ damage, and coagulation dysfunction. In a recent study, risk ...
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Covid-19 is a global challenge that drives health care to its limits. Biological parameters associated with increased risk of severe or fatal disease courses were identified, including conditions connected with a poor state of health, organ damage, and coagulation dysfunction. In a recent study, risk factors like age, sex, blood group (ABO), smoking, and several biomarkers like white blood cells, lymphocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, D-dimer, and potassium level were considered. One hundred nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected from Iraqi patients and classified according to the severity of the disease into five groups: Asymptomatic, Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Deceased, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The current study was based on the risk factors and their effect on disease severity (age, sex, blood type, and smoking). As a result, there was a substantial positive linear link (R2=0.91) between getting older and increasing disease severity. Study results were showed a little statistically significant difference in the number of males and females infected with SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, males were shown to be more susceptible to infection than females. Also, because type (O) blood is more extensively distributed in the Middle East population than the other blood types, those with type (O) blood are more susceptible to infection. Because smokers and non-smokers were distributed at random across different disease severity levels, there was no statistically significant link between smoking status and COVID-19 severity. All parameters (plasma protein and liver enzymes) showed statistically significant differences, especially between the deceased groups except K level, which did not differ significantly in all groups. This study aimed to investigate some biological markers during infection to see if there was a link between these measurements and risk factors, as well as the severity and progression of the disease.
Biotechnology
Batool K. Queen; Abbas A. Mohammed
Abstract
In this paper, the study aimed to analyze the sequence and structure of Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 gene (TCF7L2) in Iraqi Diabetic Mellitus Type II (T2DM) Patients and was compared with standard sequence form National Center of Bioinformatics Tools (NCBI) using BLAST. Ten blood samples of (T2DM) Iraqi ...
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In this paper, the study aimed to analyze the sequence and structure of Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 gene (TCF7L2) in Iraqi Diabetic Mellitus Type II (T2DM) Patients and was compared with standard sequence form National Center of Bioinformatics Tools (NCBI) using BLAST. Ten blood samples of (T2DM) Iraqi patients, was collected from Al-Mustansiriya University National Diabetes Centre in Baghdad Province/Iraq (17-65 year). DNA was extracted from whole blood of patients’ samples using the Quick-DNA™ Blood MiniPrep kit, then it was sent to Korea at Macrogen Corporartion Company, where they used automated DNA sequencing for sequence analysis. The results of the sequence analysis of (T2DM) patients’ samples, we found: six missense mutations, one deletion mutation, and three silent mutations detected using BLAST in (NCBI). All mutations appeared at the same sites of the gene which controls the rate of genetic information transcription that indicates to have a relationship with (T2DM). These mutations were recorded on the (NCBI). The physicochemical properties of (TCF7L2) determined in the present study included; alpha-helical structure and 3-Dimension structure appeared contrast when compared with the gene template. Briefly, mutations effected (TCF7L2) which influences the structure, physicochemical properties of the protein, and the secretion of insulin hormone which maintains glucose level in blood.
Biotechnology
Noor E. Hassan; Abbas A. Mohammed
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine involved in the induction and modulation of various immune responses. INF-γ has recently been associated with breast cancer and the stage of the disease. Also, it can be used as a cancer marker in determining disease activity. The ELISA test is a technique ...
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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine involved in the induction and modulation of various immune responses. INF-γ has recently been associated with breast cancer and the stage of the disease. Also, it can be used as a cancer marker in determining disease activity. The ELISA test is a technique for identifying antigens in biological materials. The ELISA test is used for the detection of antibodies against target antigen through highly antibody-antigen interactions. In this study, the blood samples were taken from 88 Iraqis, 30 healthy controls, and 58 breast cancer patients (ranging from 35 to 52 years of age). During a visit to the AL Amal National Hospital for Cancer Treatment in Baghdad, Iraq, these patient samples were taken October 2020 - January 2021. Depending on the color changes to yellow, the results of this study were determined under wavelength of 450 nm to reveal the optical density (OD) via spectrophotometrically. The OD value is proportional to the amount of human IFN-γ in the sample of the healthy control and the cancer patients. The blood concentration of IFN-γ was substantially greater in women with breast cancer than in the control group (43.15 ± 4.68 pg/ml vs. 18.8 ± 3.89 pg/ml), respectively. Our results showed an elevation of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in most of the serum samples from women with breast cancer. The conclusions of this study are the main findings, INF-y protein was employed as a marker and assistance in diagnosing breast cancer based on the results of the calculation of protein concentration from the ELISA test.
Biotechnology
Rana A. Hikmet; Nehia N. Hussein
Abstract
This study was carried out for the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Candida albicans supernatant. All the isolates used in this study were taken from the patients who existed at Al-Elweya children's teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized ...
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This study was carried out for the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Candida albicans supernatant. All the isolates used in this study were taken from the patients who existed at Al-Elweya children's teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by color visualization, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV-Vis spectroscopy examination has shown the highest absorbance (λmax) at the wavelength of 429 nanometers, which indicated the creation of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the results of the antibacterial potential of AgNO3 and AgNPs against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus haemolyticus bacteria showed the highest effect of AgNO3 against Staphylococcus haemolyticus when the diameter of the inhibition zone reached (14.00 mm). In contrast, the lowest effect of the AgNO3 was with the diameter of the inhibition zone that reached (11.66 mm). The highest effect of the AgNO3 against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (12.66mm), while the lowest effect was (9.00mm). The highest effect of the AgNPs against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the diameter of the inhibition zone reached (16.00mm), while the lowest effect was (13.00mm). The highest effect of the AgNPs against Staphylococcus haemolyticus by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (17.33mm). Where the lowest effect by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (14.00mm). Interestingly, this revealed that Staphylococcus haemolyticus was more susceptible to silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) than Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Biotechnology
Haitham Kadhim; Arwa Al-Shuwiakh; Noor M. Ali; Faruk H. Aljawad; Hashim M. Hashim; Ashwaq Q. Gorji
Abstract
In patients with diabetes, chronic inflammation is characterised by the increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α). The consumption of melatonin and flaxseed oil may improve insulin sensitivity and the effectiveness of diabetic medications. The current study investigated ...
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In patients with diabetes, chronic inflammation is characterised by the increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α). The consumption of melatonin and flaxseed oil may improve insulin sensitivity and the effectiveness of diabetic medications. The current study investigated the efficacy of melatonin and flaxseed oil in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It involved 43 patients with diabetes who were divided into 3 groups. The first group received a placebo (starch 50mg, n=13), the second group received melatonin (10mg per day, n=14) and the third group received flaxseed oil (1000mg per day, n=16), in addition to prescribed hypoglycaemic medication and a 12-week controlled diet. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters were measured in each group at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Melatonin and flaxseed oil administrations resulted in a highly significant increase in glutathione (GSH) levels, a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the melatonin group and a significant increase in SOD in the flaxseed oil group. The melatonin group and the flaxseed oil group also showed a highly significant decrease in oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL).TNF-α was significantly reduced after the respective consumption of melatonin and flaxseed oil. Furthermore, flaxseed oil consumption resulted in a significant decrease in CRP; however, there was no significant difference in CRP due to melatonin consumption.
Biotechnology
Butheina Hasson; Likaa Mahdi; Rajwa Essa
Abstract
Probiotic strains have the potential to be used as bio-preservatives and functional radical scavenging treatments in the future. Antioxidant tests, including DPPH radical scavenging, were used to evaluate the antioxidant effects of extracellular L- Glutaminase isolated from L. gasseri BRLHM. Parameters ...
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Probiotic strains have the potential to be used as bio-preservatives and functional radical scavenging treatments in the future. Antioxidant tests, including DPPH radical scavenging, were used to evaluate the antioxidant effects of extracellular L- Glutaminase isolated from L. gasseri BRLHM. Parameters for the promoted production of the enzyme under minimal production media were optimized. The importance of this study lies in enhancing the production of the L- Glutaminase isolated from L. gasseri BRLHM with a high activity using these L. gasseri bacterial as antioxidant activity. In ion-exchange chromatography, the specific activity was 14.7U/mg protein, with 58.8% yield and 4.6 purification folds. In the gel filtration, the specific activity was 23.4 U/mg protein, with a yield of 54 % and 4.6 purification folds. According to the findings, L-Glutaminase isolated from L .gasseri BRLHM exhibited good antioxidant properties. As the concentration rose, there was a remarkable proportionate increase in scavenging activity. The IC50 values for control and L- Glutaminase were 36.09 1.12 and 619.8 gm/ml, respectively. The IC50 values were discovered to be 100 and 200 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: For the first time, the high of L- Glutaminase isolated L. gasseri BRLHM was shown to exhibit antioxidant. This could be a promising discovery for future radical scavenging treatments and antioxidant prophylaxis with natural probiotics.
Biotechnology
Dina H. Abdul Hameed; Entesar H. Ali
Abstract
Streptomyces was isolated from the soil and then tested to diagnose morphologically and microscopically. Also, cultivated in the production medium of the L-glutamate oxidase enzyme, for which the wheat bran culture media was used, and then the extracellular L-glutamate oxidase enzyme was extracted using ...
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Streptomyces was isolated from the soil and then tested to diagnose morphologically and microscopically. Also, cultivated in the production medium of the L-glutamate oxidase enzyme, for which the wheat bran culture media was used, and then the extracellular L-glutamate oxidase enzyme was extracted using a cooling centrifuge at 8000 rpm for 20 minutes. The optimal temperature and pH for the production of the enzyme’s conditions were studied. Research results revealed that the optimum temperature for enzyme production was 30°C, and the best pH for the enzyme’s production was 7.0 later on, the enzyme was purified using common purification techniques represented by precipitation with ammonium sulfate as a preliminary purification step, followed by dialysis to remove salts, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography were used to finish purification process. The effect of the enzyme toxicity on the human blood components was evaluated. The enzyme had no harmful effect on the blood cells, with Red Blood Cells reaching 4 x 1012, White Blood Cells 7.5 × 109 and Platelets 293 × 109.
Biotechnology
Ali A. Al-Jubori; Ghassan M. Sulaiman; Amer T. Tawfeeq
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is a bioactive molecule with potent antioxidant properties, and it constitutes an essential component of herbal medicine. This study was designed to use a nano-syntheses approach to encapsulate RES in Poloxamer 407 nanoparticles. This type of nano-construction has been employed in a ...
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Resveratrol (RES) is a bioactive molecule with potent antioxidant properties, and it constitutes an essential component of herbal medicine. This study was designed to use a nano-syntheses approach to encapsulate RES in Poloxamer 407 nanoparticles. This type of nano-construction has been employed in a variety of biological applications, both in vitro and in vivo. The contribution of this nano-construct is to increase antioxidant activity over the pure RES was investigate. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assays were utilized in vitro. RES-loaded poloxamer 407 showed concentration-dependent scavenging action in the range of 20-80 µg.ml-1, with a maximum activity of 80.1% at 80 µg.ml-1. Whereas pure RES had a decrement of 61.7%. While the activity of positive control (Vit. C) was 93.2%. The magnitude of blood hemolysis examination was 3.9% at 80 µg.ml-1. That may indicate RES-loaded poloxamer 407 provide significant red blood cell protection. The pure RES did not prevent the appearance of abnormal cells (echinocytes), and that was cured by RES-loaded poloxamer 407. Finally, the safety of RES-loaded poloxamer 407 was assessed in vivo. Male mice were invested to detect the functions of their liver and kidney. A histopathological study was included as well. The findings showed that RES-loaded poloxamer 407 might have superior characters as a drug delivery system, nutritional supplements, and may be used in pharmaceutical products.
Biotechnology
Zinah A. Ghareeb; Hiba Abdel-Hassan AlKhafaji; Mohanad K. Aneed Al-Saedi
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by autosomal inheritance in genes related to LDL-C metabolism, with the major clinical features of hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia and premature coronary artery disease. (LRP-1) is a member of the LDLR family. It is a membrane receptor ...
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Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by autosomal inheritance in genes related to LDL-C metabolism, with the major clinical features of hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia and premature coronary artery disease. (LRP-1) is a member of the LDLR family. It is a membrane receptor with scavenging and signaling properties. LRP-1 interacts with a wide range of extracellular ligands as well as intracellular scaffolding and signaling proteins, which makes it important in crucial clinical circumstances like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurological illnesses. Mir-205 uses these molecules as biomarker for cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to measure gene expression for the LPR-1 gene and its relationship to the development of cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia and non-familial hypercholesterolemia. Also, it studies the indication whether mir-205 regulates the action of the LRP-1 gene in terms of increasing or decreasing gene expression. However, the available methods for measuring LRP1 levels are direct and quantitative using Poly Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in real time, not at its ends. In the present study, blood was isolated from 150 individuals distributed into three groups: Group 1 included: 50 samples from a healthy group; Group 2: 50 samples from non-Familial hypercholesterolemia patients; Group 3:50 samples Familial hyperchol-esterolemia patients. The results showed that LRP1 protein expression was significantly reduced in patients with F.H compared with normal control in a small cohort from an Iraqi population. This pilot study suggests that the reduced LRP1 protein expression may be associated with cardiovascular disease progression.
Biotechnology
Media F. Ali Jan; Basima Q. Hassan Al-Saadi; Hiba M. Abdel-Hassan Al-Khafaji; Mohanad K. Aneed Al-Saedi
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most prevalent non-communicable illnesses, and it has a significant influence on the quality of life for many people. Asthma is now thought to be a multifaceted condition, with interactions between genetic susceptibility, host factors, and environmental exposures increasingly being ...
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Asthma is one of the most prevalent non-communicable illnesses, and it has a significant influence on the quality of life for many people. Asthma is now thought to be a multifaceted condition, with interactions between genetic susceptibility, host factors, and environmental exposures increasingly being blamed for its pathogenesis. In respiratory illness, interleukin-8 plays a critical function due to promoting phagocytosis and inducing angiogenesis. Also, identification and finding out the effect of these SNPs and how it can be dangerously related or contribute to a Bronchial Asthma disease. However, the available methods for detecting interleukin-8 gene polymorphism are direct and quantitative using Poly Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in real time. Whole blood was isolated from 100 patients with asthma and 50 healthy individuals. The results of polymorphism in single nucleotides showed an essential role in the development of asthma and that the presence of these SNPs has a role in increasing the susceptibility of individuals to asthma, as the variation in the TT genotype at the site followed by the AT genotype at the same site shows high-risk damage.
Biotechnology
Noor Younus; Maha Altaee; Zahraa Abdul-Munim Sharba
Abstract
This study was carried out to describe the gene expression of the micro RNA 122a gene with the development of diabetes in Iraq. The difference in gene expression between patients and healthy controls was properly considered. In this study, blood was isolated from 121 individuals divided into two groups ...
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This study was carried out to describe the gene expression of the micro RNA 122a gene with the development of diabetes in Iraq. The difference in gene expression between patients and healthy controls was properly considered. In this study, blood was isolated from 121 individuals divided into two groups as follows: 80 samples of diabetic patients and 41 samples from a healthy control. miRNA was isolated and transformed into cDNA, and the expression of mi122a was measured by qRT-PCR. The researchers looked at the relationship between age and gender and the occurrence of diabetes, as well as how they compared to controls. When comparing the mean gene expression level (Ct) of patient groups to the corresponding Ct means in the control group, the results revealed a discrepancy. Also the gene expression folding (2-∆∆Ct) of the micro RNA 122a gene reflect differences in the expression, the level of micro RNA 122a was (20.504) in patients with diabetes compared to control groups with significant differences. On the other hand, gender and family history showed a significant difference between patients and health monitors. For age and type of diabetes, they showed a significant difference between patients and health monitors. Our results indicate that diabetes can affect all ages in both males and females. This study aims to correlate the expression of miRNA 122a with the occurrence of diabetes in the Iraqi population.
