Nanotechnology
Eman H. Khader; Thamer J. Mohammed; Talib M. Albayati; Sohrab Zendehboudi
Abstract
In the present work, a novel eco-friendly nanocatalyst (NC) calcium oxide (CaO) is synthesized from the waste of tomato plants by physical method for the degradation of oil in oily wastewater by photocatalytic technology as a sophisticated oxidation process. The characterization of NC prepared is described ...
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In the present work, a novel eco-friendly nanocatalyst (NC) calcium oxide (CaO) is synthesized from the waste of tomato plants by physical method for the degradation of oil in oily wastewater by photocatalytic technology as a sophisticated oxidation process. The characterization of NC prepared is described by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, which illustrated that the NC prepared possessed a nanoscale size and a cubic crystal structure. The activity of NC in the photodegradation process is evaluated using oil concentration (100–500 ppm), amount of NC (0.1–1) g/L, and pH (4–12) at a specific aeration rate of 1 L/min and time irradiation of 30–180 min and under UV light. The findings showed that the degradation efficiency of oil increased with an increased amount of NC, time, and pH while decreasing with increased oil concentration. The maximum degradation of oil reached 83.0% at optimum conditions (oil concentration = 100 ppm, amount of NC = 0.6 g/L, pH = 7, time of irradiation = 120 min, and temperature = 23 ◦C). This work illustrates that the novel NC can be employed as an environmentally friendly and economical photocatalyst and might be improved in its characteristics and performance by thermal technique (calcination) to enhance the reduction of oil from oily wastewater.
Nanotechnology
Mohammed A. Fayad; Francisco J. Martos
Abstract
Recent developments in nano additives and injection strategies of fuel are effective techniques used in diesel engines to decrease exhaust pollutants and boost engine performance. The injection effect strategy of fuel with titanium dioxide (TiO2) application on exhaust emissions and particulate matter ...
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Recent developments in nano additives and injection strategies of fuel are effective techniques used in diesel engines to decrease exhaust pollutants and boost engine performance. The injection effect strategy of fuel with titanium dioxide (TiO2) application on exhaust emissions and particulate matter (PM) characteristics in common-rail direct ignition (CRDI) diesel engines for biodiesel blends was experimentally examined. Experimental test results indicated that usage of TiO2 into the B100, B20 and B30 enhanced the decline in CO, THC and NOX than to the diesel without additives. PM number and concentration decreased by 13.54%, 22.73% and 32.68% from the combustion of B100+TiO2, B20+TiO2 and B30+TiO2, respectively, compared to the nano additives absence into the fuel. Furthermore, the rate of soot oxidation, mass and weight significantly increased higher from the biodiesel blends than the diesel. It indicated that the internal structure form of soot particles produced from B100+TiO2, B20+TiO2 and B30+TiO2 are oxidised earlier at lower temperatures in comparison with diesel. Regarding the TEM images, it is indicated that soot particles emitted from oxygenated fuels are easier to oxidise at low temperatures and quick time compared with diesel. The fuel injection strategy and both oxygen-bond from nano additives and fuel properties are beneficial for improving the soot oxidation and at the same time decreasing emitted PM.
Nanotechnology
Firdos M. Abdulla; Zainab Y. Shnain; Asawer A. Alwaisit; Mohammad F. Abid
Abstract
A photocatalytic tapered bubble column reactor was utilized to extract benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) organic pollutants from petroleum effluent. The reactor had an internal diameter that increased from 0.07 meters at the bottom to 0.17 meters at the top, a tapered angle of 1.6 degrees, a length ...
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A photocatalytic tapered bubble column reactor was utilized to extract benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) organic pollutants from petroleum effluent. The reactor had an internal diameter that increased from 0.07 meters at the bottom to 0.17 meters at the top, a tapered angle of 1.6 degrees, a length of 1.8 meters, and a capacity of approximately 20 liters. Additionally, the reactor was equipped with a Fe-doped TiO2 catalyst. Different air flow rates (0-3 L/min), contact periods (0-120 min), and liquid flow rates (160-600 L/hr) were used in the photocatalyst with four submerged LED lamps (wavelength of 200–550 nm). Each of the LED lamps had a power output of 50W. The results show that increasing the liquid flow rate increases the rate removal of COD, and the maximum decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 92% when gas flow rate= 3L/min, liquid flow rate = 200L/min, light intensity = 200Watt after two hours of irradiation. The kinetic study reveals that the degradation process is fitted with a pseudo first-order model with (R2=0.9304, s.d. 0.00204).
Nanotechnology
Fatma Ehssan; Tabarak Haider; Thamer A. Abdullah; Mustafa M Hathal; Viola Somogyi; Khalida F. Al-Azawi
Abstract
Several disciplines recognize nanotechnology's revolutionary potential, including nanoelectronics, nanobiomedicine, and nanodevices. Surprisingly, the oil and gas industry's upstream exploration and production sector has shown limited enthusiasm. Increased oil recovery and the use of unconventional resources ...
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Several disciplines recognize nanotechnology's revolutionary potential, including nanoelectronics, nanobiomedicine, and nanodevices. Surprisingly, the oil and gas industry's upstream exploration and production sector has shown limited enthusiasm. Increased oil recovery and the use of unconventional resources are vital for success, but recessions, particularly during low crude oil prices in the 19th century, pose additional challenges. In response, significant attention has turned to applying nanotechnology to overcome these industrial barriers. Recently, government agencies and the global oil sector have boosted investments in exploration, drilling, production, treatment, and wastewater management. Notably, nanosensors provide precise reservoir monitoring, while nanofluids with advanced nanoparticles significantly enhance oil production. Moreover, nanocatalysts have improved the efficiency of petrochemical and oil refining operations. Research found that using CNTs and Iron Oxide at specific weight ratios yields the highest Oil Recovery Factors of 31% and 28%, respectively. Additionally, nanomembranes facilitate the efficient separation of oil, water, and air, aiding in the purification of oil and air while removing contaminants from wastewater. Functional nanomaterials are also driving a shift in device design and manufacturing, ensuring more innovative, reliable, and durable products. This article examines the latest advancements in nanotechnology and potential nanomaterial applications in the petroleum sector. Collaborative research and infrastructure investments are paving the way for transformation. As technology progresses, it holds the potential to make processes more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable.
Nanotechnology
Hiba Kh. Ismaeel; Talib M. Albayati; Hayder A. Dhahad; Farah T. Al-Sudani; Issam K. Salih; Sohrab M. Zendehboudi
Abstract
In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with a hexagonal structure and large surface area were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The properties of the synthesized MCM-41 catalyst were characterized using BET, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The results showed that the MCM-41 had a high surface ...
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In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with a hexagonal structure and large surface area were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The properties of the synthesized MCM-41 catalyst were characterized using BET, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The results showed that the MCM-41 had a high surface area of 966 m2/g and large pore volume of about 0.91 cm3/g. Sunflower oil was converted to biodiesel in a batch reactor at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 °C), methanol-to-oil molar ratios (6:1, 9:1, 12:1), catalyst loadings (0.7, 0.9, 1.25 wt%), and reaction times (up to 80 min) using the prepared catalyst under atmospheric pressure. The biodiesel yield was found to reduce when the reaction time exceeded 1 hour despite maintaining the catalyst. The maximum biodiesel yield of 45% was obtained under optimal conditions of a 9:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 1.25 wt% catalyst loading, 60 °C temperature, and 60 min reaction time. GC-MS analysis characterized the biodiesel composition and properties. The synthesized biodiesel showed improved properties compared to conventional fuels, with linoleic acid methyl ester (C17H34O2, 25.93%) as the main component. The MCM-41 catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic activity and could be recovered, regenerated, and reused, reducing reaction costs. This makes it a potential alternative to homogeneous catalysts that complicate product separation.
Nanotechnology
Zeena R. Rhoomi; Duha S. Ahmed; Majid S. Jabir; Anjan Kumar
Abstract
Bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) is an aurivillius oxide with potential as a visible light-active photocatalyst. However, its wide band gap limits absorption of visible light. Decoration with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been shown to enhance photocatalytic properties. This study reports the ...
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Bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) is an aurivillius oxide with potential as a visible light-active photocatalyst. However, its wide band gap limits absorption of visible light. Decoration with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been shown to enhance photocatalytic properties. This study reports the hydrothermal synthesis of pure Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6-MWCNT nanocomposites using a 1:2.5 molar ratio of Bi2WO6:MWCNTs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis were used to characterize the morphology, chemical bonding, and composition. Adding MWCNTs reduced particle size, increased surface area, and prevented aggregation. Antibacterial testing showed the Bi2WO6-MWCNT nanocomposite inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a multidrug-resistant bacterium, more effectively than pure Bi2WO6. Investigation of morphology and bonding revealed the influence of decorated and embedded MWCNTs on bismuth components and particle size. Enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of the nanocomposite may be due to increased oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species generation. This facile hydrothermal method synthesizes a Bi2WO6-MWCNT nanocomposite combining the properties of both materials, showing promise for biomedical applications.
Nanotechnology
Ahmed H. Oleiwi; Akram R. Jabur; Qusay F. Alsalhy; Suriani Abu Bakar
Abstract
The concentration of the polymer solution is one of the most important factors in the formation of fibers in electrospinning technology. Different polymer concentrations of thermoplastic polystyrene are used in this study. At the same time, the other operating parameters of the electrospinning process ...
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The concentration of the polymer solution is one of the most important factors in the formation of fibers in electrospinning technology. Different polymer concentrations of thermoplastic polystyrene are used in this study. At the same time, the other operating parameters of the electrospinning process (such as flow rate, voltage, distance between capillary and collector), the solution parameters (such as conductivity and molecular weight of the solution) and the environmental conditions (such as temperature and humidity) were kept constant. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphological changes on the surface of the fibers and to determine the typical fiber diameter. It was found that as the polystyrene concentration was increased from 15% to 30%, the average pore size increased from (0.5µm and 0.44µm) to (2.7µm and 2.6µm). The FT-IR showed the main chemical bonds in the polystyrene membranes and the change in peak intensity by increasing the polymer concentration. The contact angle measurements, which are used to investigate the change in hydrophobic properties, show that the hydrophobicity of the membranes decreases as the water contact angle decreases from 135 to 116 when the polymer concentration is increased from 15% to 30%.
Nanotechnology
Wasan Ziedan; Mukhlis M. Ismail; Wafaa A. Hussain
Abstract
Aqueous solutions with heavy metals such as Cr (VI), Pb, and Cd (II) can have an adverse effect on human health because of their toxicity. As a result, it is important to remove these heavy metals from the aquatic environment to save the human healthy. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared ...
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Aqueous solutions with heavy metals such as Cr (VI), Pb, and Cd (II) can have an adverse effect on human health because of their toxicity. As a result, it is important to remove these heavy metals from the aquatic environment to save the human healthy. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) used in this research to characterize cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles and confirm the structure of Co-Fe2O4. These particles were used to make porous samples and burned at 1050 °C in mixtures of (0, 3, 5, 7, and 10) wt.% of cobalt ferrite and kaolin with 20 wt.% of charcoal. These samples serve as adsorbents that remove Pb from the wastewater. The highest rates of removal were confirmed using various treatments at (pH 3, 7, and 9). A Williamson-Hall plot was used to determine the crystal size (33) nm. The FT-IR spectra exhibited spinel-ferrite characteristics. Studies using FE-SEM demonstrated that the sample was in Nano crystalline. Using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), different magnetic properties are taken from the hysteresis loops such as saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanence (Mr) and coercivity (Hc). It was found that increasing ferrite content, increased adsorption efficiency.
Nanotechnology
Mohammad Reza Hosseini VeleshKolaei; Pooria Gill; Adele Rafati; Marzieh Adiani
Abstract
Considering the introduction of aptamers as a new generation of analyte identifiers, this class of materials can be used in diagnostic systems because aptamers are easier to produce, more sensitive, higher accuracy, less sensitive to environmental factors, easier to handle and can be used. A particular ...
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Considering the introduction of aptamers as a new generation of analyte identifiers, this class of materials can be used in diagnostic systems because aptamers are easier to produce, more sensitive, higher accuracy, less sensitive to environmental factors, easier to handle and can be used. A particular type of aptamer that has a sequence rich in guanine base can create a unique nanostructure called G-quadruplex. The creation of this structure gives the aptamer an enzyme property so that it can act like an enzyme in the vicinity of it, oxidise a chromogenic substrate and produce a coloured signal. The main way to produce aptamers is a laboratory technique called SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), in which a mixture of different oligo libraries near the target analyte creates aptamers in several consecutive cycles. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel approach for obtaining DNA aptamers for detecting a ligand such as an aflatoxin M1 in bioinformatically manner in replacing SELEX for obtaining the specific oligo aptamers against aflatoxin M1. For this purpose, the selected oligoaptamers' structures were predicted using molecular simulators and bioinformatic techniques. The results of these molecular simulations suggested G-quadruplex aptamers with a suitable affinity for binding to aflatoxin M1 in colourimetric assays.
Nanotechnology
Rusul Mohammed Alsaffar; Balqees M. Al-Dabbagh; Hanaa K. Jawad
Abstract
This work compares two methods of producing carbon nanoparticles from oil waste or by-products that accumulate on the walls of pipes and furnaces and reduce the efficiency and life of the equipment (which can hinder the production process; therefore, it is removed weekly). These wastes or by-products ...
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This work compares two methods of producing carbon nanoparticles from oil waste or by-products that accumulate on the walls of pipes and furnaces and reduce the efficiency and life of the equipment (which can hinder the production process; therefore, it is removed weekly). These wastes or by-products are generated from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon compounds during the crude oil refining process to produce petroleum products. The raw materials were collected from two Al-Dura refinery sites, sieved, burned in a furnace under vacuum and inert atmosphere, crushed with a mortar and washed with solvent, washed with distilled water, dried, and then reduced to nanoparticle size by direct crushing (sonication with a probe) and indirect ultrasonic methods (bath sonication). The samples were analyzed after crushing and firing using the appropriate methods such as EDX and SEM as well as tests. Zeta potential and particle size analysis were two other tests performed on the final products. The results showed that the carbon content increased consecutively from 28.49, 36.30 to 91.59 and 94.47% after firing. In addition, the direct ultrasonic method is superior to the indirect method for producing carbon nanoparticles because it requires less time and can produce nanoparticles with an average grain size of about 37 nm and 86.6 nm for the first and second samples, respectively. The zeta potential data show that the resulting nanocarbon particles are relatively stable.
Nanotechnology
I. Benammar; R. Salhi; J. -L. Deschanvres; R. Maalej
Abstract
This work describes the systematic preparation of doped and undoped TiO2 with Er and/or Yb nanoparticles by hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method with supercritical drying of ethanol, followed by systematic calcination steps at 500°C, 800°C and 1000°C for 2 h. Structural investigation of these ...
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This work describes the systematic preparation of doped and undoped TiO2 with Er and/or Yb nanoparticles by hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method with supercritical drying of ethanol, followed by systematic calcination steps at 500°C, 800°C and 1000°C for 2 h. Structural investigation of these powders by XRD shows that our samples are crystalline with a tetragonal structure and an anatase phase well crystallized at 500°C. Annealing at 800°C shows a transformation of the anatase phase into the rutile phase, which is well crystallized at 1000°C. XRD analysis shows that the dopants are incorporated into the TiO2 network without phase separation in these nanoparticles. The study of the grain sizes has shown that they have a nanometric size of about 8-12 nm and that their size decreases with Er and/or Yb doping. The elemental analyzes with micro-EDX using SEM confirmed the presence of chemical elements in the TiO2 nanoparticles with the expected atomic ratios. Examination of the SEM images confirmed the XRD observations. They also prove that the nanoparticles are spherical. Optical analysis with excitation at 488 nm shows the presence of three emission bands in the green and red regions. The heat treatment improves the optical, structural and spectroscopic properties and removes impurities due to the preparation conditions.
Nanotechnology
Aseel S. Jasim; Odai N. Salman
Abstract
In this work, we reported a study on the hydrothermal process for the preparation of TiO2 NRs films on FTO substrate using two different solutions, the first consisting of (ethanol and titanium butoxide) and the second consisting of (HCl, DIW and titanium butoxide). The study of structural, morphological, ...
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In this work, we reported a study on the hydrothermal process for the preparation of TiO2 NRs films on FTO substrate using two different solutions, the first consisting of (ethanol and titanium butoxide) and the second consisting of (HCl, DIW and titanium butoxide). The study of structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties helped to identify the characteristics of the TiO2 films prepared with the different solvents. The first sample (TO1) exhibited an anatase phase crystal structure with an energy gap of (3.2 eV), while the second (TO2) showed a rutile phase with an energy gap of (3 eV). The (nanorod) morphology was observed in the (TO2) sample, while irregular grains were found in the (TO1) sample. Transmission measurements were performed to analyze the optical properties, which showed that both samples were transparent in the visible wavelength range, with the (TO2) sample with rutile phase exhibiting higher absorption coefficients. The activation energy was (0.0226) eV and (0.0643) eV for the two samples (TO1) and (TO2), respectively. The n-type conductivity was confirmed by Hall effect measurements for both samples. The highest conductivity (300.655) (Ω-1.cm-1) and the highest carrier consternation (1.07355 ×1017) (cm-3) were obtained for sample (TO1).
Nanotechnology
Marwa S. Alwazny; Raid A. Ismail; Evan T. Salim
Abstract
In this paper, the optical, structural, and surface morphology of novel lithium-niobate (LN) colloidal synthesis by ablation in liquid using a pulse laser method has been studied and analyzed for the first time. LiNbO3 suspensions are synthesized using a Q-switch Nd-YAG laser with two target types, each ...
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In this paper, the optical, structural, and surface morphology of novel lithium-niobate (LN) colloidal synthesis by ablation in liquid using a pulse laser method has been studied and analyzed for the first time. LiNbO3 suspensions are synthesized using a Q-switch Nd-YAG laser with two target types, each with three different types of liquid environments: deionized water, ethanol, and acetone. The prepared colloidal is to go under further processes to be later used in the photonic application. The optical properties of the suspensions were evaluated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible) measurements. The results showed that the colloidal had a transmission spectrum ranging between 88 to 98% for LN Target and 96 % to 98% for LN Z-cut wafer. The estimated energy gaps are (3.3-3.7 eV) for the prepared target and (4.1-4.3) for the LN Z-cut wafer, which gives good accordance with reported results in the range of ~ 3.7- 4 eV for all samples. In general, the Z-cut wafer target gives better results with ethanol based on optical properties. XRD measurements show the formation of a multi-phase with impurities for a prepared lithium niobate target and multi-phase LiNbO3 films with no impurities or a second phase for another Z-cut wafer. FESEM scan is measured for LiNbO3 films, and the particle size is about 20 and 23 nm.
Nanotechnology
Amani Z. Al Ani; Shihab A. Zaidan
Abstract
The mechanical and electrical properties relation is very important, especially for brittle material. Nano Alumina-unsaturated polyester (PS/Al2O3) composites were prepared by casting PS with different percentages (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt%) of Nano alumina. Electrical breakdowns caused cracks to form around ...
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The mechanical and electrical properties relation is very important, especially for brittle material. Nano Alumina-unsaturated polyester (PS/Al2O3) composites were prepared by casting PS with different percentages (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt%) of Nano alumina. Electrical breakdowns caused cracks to form around the breakdown point, and the length and quantity of cracks increased with dispersed powder added increases. The research involved determining Weibull modulus from an electrical strength test, and mechanical strength by piston-on-three-ball test. The results showed that Weibull modulus and dielectric breakdown increase during the rate of rising voltage (RRV) increases, especially 5 kV/s. the maximum Weibull modulus measured by the electrical breakdown was at a high RRV is 34.58 (PS/Al2O3). High RRV leads to electromechanical breakdown and electrothermal strength at low RRV. While the Weibull modulus by the piston-on-three-balls test is lower than the Weibull modulus calculated by electrical strength. Therefore, this mechanical test is more accurate in identifying defects that fail due to an increase in the affected area of the applied stress. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showing the homogeneous distribution of the powders within the polymeric matrix. Some pores were present in the structure of the composite despite the measures taken to increase the dispersion using ultrasound waves. Those pores caused fluctuating results in all electrical and mechanical tests.
Nanotechnology
Rusul Al-Obaidy; Adawiya J. Hadier; Sharafaldin Al-Musawi; Norhana Arsad
Abstract
In this work, the development of nanosystems by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAIL) is of considerable importance to expand their biomedical applications, such as drug delivery. In the present study, we focus on the conditions of the preparation Nd: YAG laser wavelength 266 nm and two different laser ...
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In this work, the development of nanosystems by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAIL) is of considerable importance to expand their biomedical applications, such as drug delivery. In the present study, we focus on the conditions of the preparation Nd: YAG laser wavelength 266 nm and two different laser fluency (10,28) J/cm2 to control the concentration and size stability of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) prepared by PLAIL. The characteristics of SPION are investigated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra which showed strong peaks of Fe and O. Magnetic characteristics of iron oxide nanoparticles indicated superparamagnetic properties of SPION and suitable physical stability. Optical and chemical properties of SPION were investigated using UV-visible spectra (UV) and infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to obtain surface morphological studies of SPION. Results showed that SPION is the only cubic shape, the peak absorption shifted toward short wavelengths with optimum concentration to the SPION in double deionized water (DDW) and in Acetone (0.75,0.33) mg/ml respectively, at high laser fluence 28 J/cm2, and this enhancement of value is due to particle size and color resultant in a solution. Eventually, this product has the optimal SPION specialty ratio of SPION in the DDW solution at 53.89%, and the size is very suitable for drug delivery applications.
Nanotechnology
Worood A. Abd-Alameer; Aqeel S. Al-Adili; Sadeer M. Khatab
Abstract
Attapulgite clay is a hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate mineral. Attapulgite clay stone in the Bahr al-Najaf region contains calcite and quartz minerals (43.4%. and 13.9% by weight), respectively. This work is devoted to develop the attapulgite clay found in Bahr Al-Najaf to be suitable for ...
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Attapulgite clay is a hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate mineral. Attapulgite clay stone in the Bahr al-Najaf region contains calcite and quartz minerals (43.4%. and 13.9% by weight), respectively. This work is devoted to develop the attapulgite clay found in Bahr Al-Najaf to be suitable for oil wells drilling. The goal of this project is to develop attapulgite mud that meets the American Petroleum Institute (API) for the application of oil well drilling mud in Bahr Al-Najaf. To achieve this objective, unwanted materials (calcite and quartz particles greater than 75 µm in diameter) should be removed and the attapulgite rods dispersed. To make attapulgite mud appropriate for oil well drilling mud. Wet sieving was used to remediate Iraqi attapulgite mud in this study. XRD and SEM tests were done to determine the metals and shape of the prepared Nano MgO to improve the rheological properties. The rheological parameters of attapulgite were measured using an ofite viscometer. Nano MgO was added to attapulgite in three proportions (0.02, 0.05, and 0.08) gm wt. Magnesium oxide showed a great contribution to apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity by 16% of attapulgite aqueous suspensions. The higher viscosity will provide better cuttings carrying capability during drilling fluid circulation especial at low velocity.
Nanotechnology
Fatin A. Asim; Entessar H. A. Al-Mosawe; Wafaa A. Hussain
Abstract
Denture base poly (methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin is one of the most frequently used materials in denture base synthesis, but due to its poor mechanical properties, PMMA can be considered a medium for the attachment and growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly due to PMMA's ...
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Denture base poly (methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin is one of the most frequently used materials in denture base synthesis, but due to its poor mechanical properties, PMMA can be considered a medium for the attachment and growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly due to PMMA's pores and rough surface. The porosity percentage and surface roughness of the PMMA resin sample was lowered in this study, which resulted in a reduction in microorganisms' surface adhesion by varying the ratios of additives such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) nanoparticles with (1, 2, 3, and 10% wt percent) for each additive separately, and 3% as a combination of ZnO and TCP nanoparticles in an equal ratio. Additionally, mechanical features such as surface hardness are developed, which is a critical attribute for polishing and easy finishing, as well as offering great scratch resistance during denture base cleaning. These results indicated that when compared to the other groups, PMMA (ZnO wt. 1%) and TCP-wt. 1%) reinforced composite resins demonstrated the best optimum properties. Additionally, it was discovered that adding 1% of NPs improved the mechanical qualities, which benefited the biological properties by reducing bacterial adherence to the PMMA composite resin.
Nanotechnology
Ali J. Addie; Raid A. Ismail; Mudhafar A. Mohammed
Abstract
In this work, a simulation analysis of a commercial magnetron sputtering source was performed using the finite element method Particle-in-Cell/Monte Carlo Collision (PIC/MCC) to optimize the configuration of the Zn-C mosaic target. The magnetic field distribution was solved in a two-dimensional cylindrical ...
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In this work, a simulation analysis of a commercial magnetron sputtering source was performed using the finite element method Particle-in-Cell/Monte Carlo Collision (PIC/MCC) to optimize the configuration of the Zn-C mosaic target. The magnetic field distribution was solved in a two-dimensional cylindrical coordinate system, and particles such as electrons, atoms, and charged ions of argon, zinc, and carbon were tracked in a DC magnetron sputtering system. The sputtering yield profile and particle flux for the eroded target were studied considering the ion and electron density distributions. The maximum sputtering flux of zinc and carbon was 1.975´1021 m-2.s-1 and 3.7´1018 m-2.s-1 respectively. The erosion position of a target was predicted based on the maximum power density distribution at the surface of the target. The accuracy of the simulation was checked by comparing it with the measurement of the target eroded after several hours of sputtering. However, as for the Zn-C mosaic target, the racetrack was identical to the analysis predicted by the numerical simulation process. The results of this work can be used as a guide for designing mosaic targets and optimizing their use for fabricating nanohybrid thin film structures.
Nanotechnology
Alyaa M. Awad; Khalid A. Sukkar; Dalia M. Jaed
Abstract
Iraqi petroleum refineries produce large quantities of base lubricating oils (lube oils). Managing the influence of nano-additives on the lube oil nanofluids is required deep understanding to explain the resulting new specifications of produced nano-lubricants. The present study investigated the effect ...
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Iraqi petroleum refineries produce large quantities of base lubricating oils (lube oils). Managing the influence of nano-additives on the lube oil nanofluids is required deep understanding to explain the resulting new specifications of produced nano-lubricants. The present study investigated the effect of Al2O3 NPs addition on the thermal properties of lube oil stock-60. Different mass additions of 0.25, 0.65, 1.05, 1.45, and 1.85 wt.% of Al2O3 NPs at operating temperatures of 20-50°C were evaluated. Also, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the prepared nanofluid was studied at the full range of the experimental temperatures (20-50°C). It was noted that the addition of Al2O3 NPs improved the thermal properties of the prepared nano-lubricant due to the high thermal conductivity of the added Al2O3 NPs. Moreover, the greatest improvement in the thermal conductivity of modified nano-lubricating oil was 13.02% at added Al2O3 mass fraction of 1.85%. The results indicated that the viscosity index of the prepared nano-lubricant was improved dramatically with Al2O3 NPs addition increase at measured standard temperatures of 40 and 100°C. The viscosity index of lubricant nanofluid is increased up to 2.46% at a weight fraction of 1.85%. The flashpoint increased by 1.33, 3.54, 5.75, 7.52, and 9.73% for mass fraction of 0.25, 0.65, 1.05, 1.45, and 1.85 wt.%, respectively. Furthermore, the highest flashpoint value was 248oC of prepared nanofluid lube oil with 1.85 wt.% of Al2O3 NPs. Finally, the produced nano-lubricating oil has high operating quality with economic feasibility. Furthermore, an accurate correlation for predicting the viscosity of both types of nano-lubricants was provided.
Nanotechnology
Zahraa S. Ghazi; Mohammad R. Mohammad; Manal A. Abbood; Amal A. Hussein
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical reduction method. Silver nitrate was taken as a metal precursor and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilizers of different concentrations, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron ...
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Silver nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical reduction method. Silver nitrate was taken as a metal precursor and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilizers of different concentrations, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques have been used, these measurement results showed that the prepared material is silver nanoparticles. The average size of silver nanoparticles using the Scherrer equation with values ranging from 8.49-12.15nm. TEM images showed that the silver nanoparticles are spherical in size between 5-47nm. Nanoscale distribution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) prepared at different concentrations was studied by AFM. Silver nanoparticles showed high antimicrobial and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia Coli and Gram-negative Staphylococcus aureus, whose bacterial activity was dependent on the concentration of PVA and PVP and the degree of intramolecular accumulation. Low concentrations of PVP lead to increase the activity, while high concentrations of PVA give better activity.
Nanotechnology
Sanaz Khademolqorani; Seyedeh Nooshin Banitaba
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are referred to as tiny materials in size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Unique characteristics of the NPs, including small sizes and high surface area, appropriate reactivity, proper stability, great strength, and many more, have resulted in their wide use in numerous fields. Among different ...
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Nanoparticles (NPs) are referred to as tiny materials in size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Unique characteristics of the NPs, including small sizes and high surface area, appropriate reactivity, proper stability, great strength, and many more, have resulted in their wide use in numerous fields. Among different techniques reported for synthesizing the nanoparticles, electro-hydrodynamic atomization or electrospray has been identified as a well-practiced and high efficient technique for the formation of fine and homogenous NPs from a liquid under the influence of electrical forces. This process allows feasible encapsulation of different drugs, vitamins, and proteins applicable in the targeted drug delivery systems. Since the release rate of the loaded pharmaceutical materials could be easily tuned via varying the properties of core and shell components. Herein, we summarized the importance of the electrospray technique for the production of drug-loaded nanoparticles applicable in controlled drug delivery systems.
Nanotechnology
Abbas A. Thajeel; Mohammed A. Ibrahem; Duha S. Ahmed
Abstract
Nanoplasmonic sensing, based on the plasmonic resonance absorption of thin, irregularly-shaped Au nanostructures film, with a starting thickness of about 15 nm (±3 nm) sputtered on a quartz substrate, is used to monitor the CeO2 NPs (with an average diameter of 50 nm) film refractive index variations ...
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Nanoplasmonic sensing, based on the plasmonic resonance absorption of thin, irregularly-shaped Au nanostructures film, with a starting thickness of about 15 nm (±3 nm) sputtered on a quartz substrate, is used to monitor the CeO2 NPs (with an average diameter of 50 nm) film refractive index variations using different film thicknesses (90 nm, 146 nm, 172 nm, and 196 nm). Increasing the film thickness of solution-processed CeO2 NPs film, with layer-by-layer deposition on top of Au nanostructures, shows a significant redshift in the plasmonic resonance absorption of the plasmonic metal, from 580 nm to 611 nm. Such an increase is related to the change in the building microstructure of the semiconductor’s film which is reflected in changing its refractive index. Plasmonic surface refractive index sensitivity of 437.5 nm/RIU with FOM of 4.2 has been recorded. Such a sensing technique offers a large potential for developing cost-effective plasmonic nanosensing devices for clinical applications. This sensor structure is versatile and can be utilized to sense and monitor a large variety of materials and chemicals.
Nanotechnology
Shahad S. Khudiar; Uday M. Nayef; Falah A. Mutlak
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical etching (PECE) was used to prepare porous silicon (PS) layers of polished surfaces of (100) n-type silicon wafers with a resistance of 0.1-100 μm and thickness of 600 ± 25 μm. The directed slices are to be catalyzed at different etching times (5, 15, 25 min) with a constant ...
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Photoelectrochemical etching (PECE) was used to prepare porous silicon (PS) layers of polished surfaces of (100) n-type silicon wafers with a resistance of 0.1-100 μm and thickness of 600 ± 25 μm. The directed slices are to be catalyzed at different etching times (5, 15, 25 min) with a constant Hydrofluoric acid of 20% and with a fixed current density of 20 mA/cm². The porous silicon morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Samples were formed by different engraving times. It revealed that the silicon surface has a layer of sponge-like structure, with the average pore diameter (740±1 nm, 550±2 nm,460±3 nm) of the porous silicon increasing as the etching time increased. PS Al PS /Si /Al photodetectors were found to work as a photodetector over a wide wavelength responsivity.
Nanotechnology
Sahar M. Abd Zaid; Adnan A. AbdulRazak; Mohammad F. Abid
Abstract
The production of clean liquid fuels is critical to maintaining a healthy life and environment around the world. To meet the new sulfur standard requirements, sulfur compounds must be effectively and completely removed from fuel oil. Therefore, researchers' attention turned to research into different ...
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The production of clean liquid fuels is critical to maintaining a healthy life and environment around the world. To meet the new sulfur standard requirements, sulfur compounds must be effectively and completely removed from fuel oil. Therefore, researchers' attention turned to research into different techniques to remove sulfur from kerosene. This review focused on discussing a variety of catalysis approaches and emerging technologies for ultra-deep desulfurization of refinery streams for ultralow sulfur, such as hydrodesulfurization, catalytic-oxidative desulfurization, and adsorption desulfurization to form clean liquid fuels. This review discusses the most important industrial parameters that influence sulfur removal processes and has focused primarily on the main role of the catalyst and its type in impacting the efficiency of the process. Also, it will discuss the concepts of nano-catalysts, their preparation methods, and the most common forms, were described such as graphene, carbon nano-tubes (CNTs), metal-organic frames (MOVs), and zeolites. A comparison between the nano-catalyst and the conventional catalyst was also discussed to show the great effect of the nano-catalyst in improving the removal processes, which will lead to the development of innovative, efficient desulfurization methods that produce zero-sulfur fuels. In addition, understanding the most important challenges in nano-catalysts.
Nanotechnology
Iman H. Hadi; Muslim F. Jawad; Khaleel I. Hassoon
Abstract
In this work, synthesis of titanium thin films on two different substrates (glass and n-type Si), with thicknesses of 90 and 145 nm at two different times (5 and 10 min) respectively, has been obtained. The thin films have been successfully deposited on glass and silicon substrates using DC diode sputtering ...
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In this work, synthesis of titanium thin films on two different substrates (glass and n-type Si), with thicknesses of 90 and 145 nm at two different times (5 and 10 min) respectively, has been obtained. The thin films have been successfully deposited on glass and silicon substrates using DC diode sputtering technique. The optical properties of the prepared thin films have been checked out using the optical reflectance spectrum. A significant reduction in surface reflectivity was observed at (10 min) sputtering time. The structural properties of the prepared thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). XRD results confirmed that titanium thin films had a hexagonal structure with preferred orientation on (002). The images of FESEM showed that all the samples had a uniform distribution of granular surface morphology. The grain sizes of the Ti nanostructure were estimated using Scherrers’ analysis. The thickness of Ti thin film increased as the sputtering time increased for both glass and Si n-type substrates. The repeated experiments revealed that most uniform Ti thin film is on Si substrate (n-type) with particle size 10 nm at deposition time 5 min.
